Table 1 Characteristics of non-responders and responders in the orthoses group (n = 47)

 Age, years–mean (SD)

59.0 (11.3)

57.1 (10.0)

 Females–n (%)

8 (44)

18 (62)

 Body mass index, kg/m²–mean (SD)

27.9 (5.1)

29.6 (4.72)

 SF 12 physical component score–mean (SD) ^a

43.2 (12.1)

45.2 (10.2)

 SF 12 mental component score–mean (SD) ^a

57.1 (9.5)

54.4 (6.5)

 Physical activity, total hours per week–mean (SD)

20.9 (10.5)

17.1 (17.2)

 Pain duration, months–median (IQR)

33 (101)

30 (59)

 Pain severity at rest–mean (SD) ^b

3.1 (3.0)

3.4 (2.3)

 Pain severity while walking–mean (SD) ^b

3.8 (2.3)

5.2 (2.1)^*

 Stiffness in the morning–mean (SD) ^b

2.4 (2.4)

3.6 (2.8)

 Stiffness later in the day–mean (SD) ^b

2.3 (2.7)

3.9 (2.7)

 FHSQ pain–mean (SD) ^a

61.5 (23.4)

53.5 (17.6)

 FHSQ function–mean (SD) ^a

77.1 (18.6)

66.2 (24.8)

 FFI pain–mean (SD) ^a

34.8 (15.6)

44.8 (17.9)

 FFI difficulty–mean (SD) ^a

26.9 (20.2)

43.9 (26.3)^*

 FFI stiffness–mean (SD) ^a

28.1 (18.7)

36.7 (20.8)

 Pain Catastrophising Scale–mean (SD) ^b

8.2 (7.8)

10.0 (8.9)

 Foot posture index–mean (SD)

2.9 (2.7)

2.9 (2.4)

 1st MTPJ range of motion (°)–mean (SD)

41.2 (12.6)

40.3 (11.7)

 None–n (%)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 Mild–n (%)

3 (17)

12 (41)

 Moderate–n (%)

7 (39)

6 (21)

 Severe–n (%)

8 (44)

11 (38)

 1st MTPJ peak pressure: own shoes, kPa–median (IQR)

188.8 (100.0)

150.0 (60.0)

 1st MTPJ peak pressure: intervention, kPa–median (IQR)

161.3 (68.8)

125.0 (70.0)

 % reduction in 1st MTPJ peak pressure–median (IQR)

14.0 (24.7)

13.6 (16.3)

 Credibility–mean (SD)

19.6 (2.4)

21.2 (3.2)

 Expectancy–mean (SD)

17.3 (3.4)

16.9 (4.1)

Total hours intervention worn during study–mean (SD)

332 (202)

518 (245)^*