Current management practices for patients presenting with low back pain to a large emergency department in Canada

Table 3 Common medication classes delivered in the QEII HSC ED for non-urgent LBP patients (n = 325)^a

Medication class	Frequent medication	Number (%)
Opioid		112 (34.5)
	Hydromorphone	81 (24.9)
	Morphine	16 (4.9)
	Acetaminophen and codeine (Tylenol 3)^b	19 (5.9)
Anti-inflammatory		115 (35.4)
	Ibuprofen	92 (28.3)
	Ketorolac	27 (8.3)
Analgesic		90 (27.7)
	Acetaminophen	70 (21.5)
Muscle Relaxant		24 (7.4)
Antiemetic		12 (3.7)
Combination of Medications^c
Opioid and Anti-inflammatory		55 (16.9)
Opioid and Analgesic		51 (15.7)
Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic		50 (15.4)

^aFrequent medications delivered within selected classes are also presented (>4.5%)
^bMedications of dual-action (e.g. Tylenol 3) were counted in both medication classes (e.g. opioid and analgesic
^cCombination of medications were separately delivered drugs

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