Table 3 Odds ratio of low bone mineral density according to levels of serum estradiol and lifestyle factors
Low bone mineral densityb | |||
|---|---|---|---|
ORa | (CI 95 %) | P-value | |
Low estradiol (<60 pg/μL) | 4.93 | (2.14, 11.37) | <0.001 |
Tobacco smoking (reference: non-smokers) | 1.0 | ||
Tobacco smoking (ex-smokers and smokers) | 1.97 | (1.05, 3.72) | 0.01 |
Age (reference: 40–42 years) | 1.0 | ||
43-45 years | 1.55 | (0.74, 3.27) | 0.2 |
46-48 years | 1.95 | (0.92, 4.13) | 0.08 |
BMI (reference: < 25.0 kg/m2) | 1.0 | ||
BMI (≥25.0 a < 30.0 kg/m2) | 0.44 | (0.22, 0.91) | 0.03 |
BMI (>30.0 kg/m2) | 0.47 | (0.20, 1.12) | 0.1 |
Number of pregnancies | 1.46 | (0.60, 3.53) | 0.4 |
Use of contraceptives (reference: not use) | 0.82 | (0.42, 1.58) | 0.5 |
Breastfeeding (reference: not bresastfeeding) | 1.43 | (0.56, 3.65) | 0.5 |
Physical Activity (METS/week) | 0.87 | (0.74, 1.02) | 0.07 |
Family history of osteoporosis (reference: yes) | 1.34 | (0.62, 2.86) | 0.4 |
Energy intake (kcal/day) | 1.00 | (0.9, 1.1) | 0.08 |
Dietary calcium (mg/day) | 0.82 | (0.40, 1.80) | 0.6 |
Dietary vitamin D (IU/day) | 0.98 | (0.97, 0.99) | <0.001 |
Caffeine (>300 mg/day) | 2.6 | (1.2, 6.0) | 0.03 |
Alcohol (g/day) | 0.95 | (0.90, 1.02) | 0.2 |