Table 1 Participant Characteristics

Age (years)

60.5

11.7

58.0

12.3

<0.001

C-reactive protein (mg/dL)

2.33

3.72

3.02

4.30

0.147

Glucose (mg/dL)

114.60

41.10

112.10

48.97

0.378

HbAc1 (%)

6.13

1.56

6.13

1.40

0.541

Uric acid (mg/dL)

6.21

1.41

4.97

1.35

<0.001

LDL (mg/dL)

111.15

37.09

113.70

35.08

0.283

vLDL (mg/dL)

36.25

27.26

32.03

18.43

0.062

Waist circumference (cm)

101.11

13.05

97.25

16.20

<0.001

Body fat (%)

28.61

6.78

39.07

7.01

<0.001

Hand grip strength (kg)

38.69

10.61

25.91

6.99

<0.001

Medium

Min, max

Medium

Min, max

P value

Education (years)

10

0, 20

12

0, 20

0.043

Income per year ($10,000 increatment)

2–3

<1, >7

2–3

<1, >7

0.033

Musculoskeletal discomfort

1

0,7

1

0,7

0.607

Frequency

Percentage

Frequency

Percentage

P value

BMI (kg/m²)

<0.001

 Underweight (BMI < 18.5)

0

0 %

4

0.52 %

 Normal Weight (BMI 18.5–24.9)

57

16.72 %

136

17.59 %

 Overweight (BMI 25–29.9)

156

45.75 %

252

32.60 %

 Obese (BMI > 30)

128

37.54 %

381

49.29 %

Race

0.466

 Hispanic

190

55.39 %

455

58.86 %

 Non-Hispanic White

138

40.23 %

292

37.77 %

 Others

15

4.37 %

26

3.36 %

Employment (yes)

98

47.57 %

192

41.03 %

0.114

Fair or poor Health^b

134

39.07 %

268

34.63 %

0.154

Arthritis (yes)

26

7.58 %

67

8.66 %

0.548

Coronary Artery Disease (yes)

24

7.00 %

19

2.45 %

0.001

COPD

3

0.87 %

6

0.78 %

1.000

Chronic health problem^a (yes)

248

78.7 %

480

69.1 %

0.002

Diabetes (yes)

36

10.50 %

70

9.04 %

0.445

Hypertension (yes)

51

14.87 %

111

14.34 %

0.817

Metabolic Syndrome (yes)

2

0.58 %

3

0.39 %

0.646

Any cancer (yes)

10

2.92 %

28

3.62 %

0.550

Vitamin D deficiency (yes)

3

0.87 %

2

0.26 %

0.172

Fibromyalgia (yes)

2

0.58 %

8

1.03 %

0.732

Gait disturbance (yes)

18

6.19 %

59

8.94 %

0.151