Table 2 Modified quality index
Publication | Reporting | External validity | Internal validity bias | Internal validity confounding | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Hypothesis clearly described? | 2. Main outcomes clearly described? | 3. Characteristics of the patients included clearly described? | 5. Distribution of principle confounder of each group clearly described? | 6. Main findings clearly described? | 7. Estimates of random variability provided for the main outcomes? | 10. Actual probability values reported for main outcomes? | 11. Were the subjects asked to participate representative of the entire population? | 12. Were the subjects who were prepared to participate representative of the entire population? | 16. Was it clear if the results were based on “data dredging” | 18. Were the statistical tests appropriate? | 20. Were the main outcome measures valid and reliable? | 21. Were all patients and controls recruited from the same population? | 22. Were all patients and controls recruited over the same time period? | Quality Index score total (%) | |
Turner [7] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 (53) |
Woodburn [8] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 5 (33) |
Del Din [10] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 13 (87) |
O’Connell [11] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 (27) |
Rome [12] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 11 (73) |
Woodburn [13] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 11 (73) |
Turner [14] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 12 (80) |
Turner [15] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 10 (67) |
Turner [16] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 10 (67) |
Weiss [17] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 10 (67) |
Khazzam [18] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 11 (73) |
Barn [19] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 11 (73) |
Woodburn [21] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 (67) |
Woodburn [34] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 11 (73) |
Bowen [36] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 12 (80) |
Dubbeldam [37] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 9 (60) |
Yavuz [38] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 (33) |
Rome [39] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 (60) |
Eppeland [40] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 13 (87) |
Schmiegel [41] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 10 (67) |
Schmiegel [42] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 12 (80) |
Laroche [43] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 (40) |
Laroche [44] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 11 (73) |
Semple [45] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 11 (73) |
Rosenbaum [46] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 10 (67) |
Tuna [47] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 (53) |
Otter [48] | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 8 (53) |
Woodburn [49] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 11 (73) |
Siegel [50] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 (20) |
Fransen [51] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 12 (80) |
Isacson [52] | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 6 (40) |
Minns [53] | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 (27) |
Simkin [54] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 (20) |
Stauffer [55] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 8 (53) |
Mangone [56] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 (47) |
Zebouni [57] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 (27) |
Median | 10 (67) | ||||||||||||||