Table 1 Subject characteristics

Age (yr)

57 (44–70)

47 (38–59)

55 (44–67)

70 (57–78)

<0.001

49 (42–60)

56 (44–68)

69 (55–78)

<0.001

Weight (kg)

70.4 (±13.9)

72.8 (±14.3)

70.7 (±13.4)

67.8 (±13.5)

<0.001

73.1 (±14.3)

71.0 (±14.0)

67.0 (±12.5)

<0.001

Height (m)

1.60 (±0.07)

1.62 (±0.06)

1.60 (±0.06)

1.59 (±0.07)

<0.001

1.62 (±0.06)

1.61 (±0.06)

1.58 (±0.07)

<0.001

Body mass index (kg/m²)

27.4 (±5.3)

27.8 (±5.2)

27.6 (±5.3)

26.9 (±5.2)

0.137

27.9 (±5.4)

27.5 (±5.5)

26.8 (±4.9)

0.051

Appendicular lean mass (kg)

17.4 (±2.4)

18.5 (±2.3)

17.4 (±2.1)

16.6 (±2.3)

<0.001

18.3 (±2.3)

17.5 (±2.3)

16.3 (±2.2)

<0.001

Total lean mass (kg)

38.7 (±4.3)

40.4 (±4.2)

38.7 (±3.8)

37.1 (±4.2)

<0.001

40.2 (±4.0)

38.9 (±4.1)

37.1 (±4.1)

<0.001

Body fat mass (kg)

28.3 (±10.5)

28.8 (±10.7)

28.6 (±10.4)

27.6 (±10.4)

0.324

29.6 (±10.9)

28.7 (±10.6)

26.5 (±9.6)

0.001

Total hip BMD (g/cm²)

0.966 (±0.163)

1.020 (±0.142)

0.975 (±0.161)

0.903 (±0.164)

<0.001

1.019 (±0.143)

0.962 (±0.160)

0.916 (±0.168)

<0.001

Hip flexor strength (N)

163 (±53)

221 (±32)

161 (±13)

106 (±24)

<0.001

184 (±48)

169 (±49)

133 (±49)

<0.001

Hip abductor strength (N)

134 (±51)

154 (±51)

142 (±48)

108 (±42)

<0.001

192 (±38)

127 (±12)

84 (±20)

<0.001