Are cervical multifidus muscles active during whiplash and startle? An initial experimental study

Table 2 Catastrophic failure loads of isolated facet capsular ligaments as a function of elongation rate.

Study	N Gender	Elongation rate (mm/s)	Failure load (N)
Winkelstein et al. (1999) [43]	12M	0.0083	84 ± 37
Siegmund et al. (2001) [7]	13F	0.0083	94 ± 31
Myklebust et al. (1988) [44]	2–5*	10	108 ± 40**
Winkelstein et al. (1999) [43]	12M	100	136 ± 60
Ivancic et al. (2007) [45]	32	723	220 ± 84
Shim et al. (2006) [46]	15M	9600 – 13,600	260 ± 112

* N at each cervical level from C2/3 to C7/T1 between 2 and 5
** average of the means and standard deviations at cervical level from C2/3 to C7/T1; also values reported here are half those reported by Myklebust et al (1988) because left and right ligaments were tested simultaneously.

ISSN: 1471-2474