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Table 3 Secondary outcomes at baseline and follow-up.

From: Effectiveness of calf muscle stretching for the short-term treatment of plantar heel pain: a randomised trial

 

Group

  

Secondary outcome measures

Stretching – mean (SD)

Control – mean (SD)

Adjusted mean difference between groups (95% CI)

P-value

Right ankle dorsiflexion§ in degrees

    

   Baseline

25.8 (± 5.6)

23.6 (± 5.5)

  

   Follow-up

25.6 (± 5.4)

24.4 (± 5.7)

  

   Mean change

0.2 (± 4.3)

-0.9 (± 3.0)

0.5 (-0.9 to 2.0)

0.470

Left ankle dorsiflexion§ in degrees

    

   Baseline

25.8 (± 5.5)

24.0 (± 5.2)

  

   Follow-up

25.9 (± 5.7)

25.4 (± 6.2)

  

   Mean change

-0.1 (± 3.7)

-1.3 (± 3.9)

1.0 (-0.6 to 2.6)

0.216

Right Foot Posture†

    

   Baseline

3 (± 3)

2 (± 2)

  

   Follow-up

2 (± 3)

2 (± 2)

  

   Mean change

0 (± 2)

0 (± 1)

0 (-1 to 1)

0.993

Left Foot Posture*

    

   Baseline

3 (± 3)

3 (± 2)

  

   Follow-up

3 (± 3)

2 (± 2)

  

   Mean change

0 (± 2)

0 (± 2)

0 (-1 to 1)

0.841

  1. § Ankle range of motion (ROM) measured using the Lunge Test [20]
  2. † The Foot Posture Index-6 has a score range of -12 to 12 with negative values for signs of foot supination and positive values for signs of foot pronation [21].
  3. Note: In the results above, the positive adjusted mean difference between groups in improvement for the comparison of ankle dorsiflexion favours stretching because it has greater ankle dorsiflexion.