Table 4 Postural changes observed in TAO patients and implications of these changes
Basic structure | Related organ | Description of the alteration | Axes | Potential effects |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Head | Eyes | Elevation, tilted | X, Y, Z | postural alignment [196,197] |
| Â | Neck | Rotated, tilted, extended or flexed | X, Y, Z | dorsal muscles [198] ocular torticolis [96,97] |
| Â | Nose | Tilted | Y, Z | Retro nasal space? |
| Â | Mouth | Tilted | Y | Jaw [199] |
Face | Â | Asymmetry | Â | Head holding [200] |
Neck | Trunk | Rotated | Y | Lymphatics, posture [200,201] |
Trunk and abdomen | Â | Rotated Increase of the intra-abdominal pressure | Y | Foot angle [62] Pelvic girdle pain [202] |
Leg | Pelvis Gluteus m. | Rotated | Y | Hip sway Transversus abdominis [190] Altered femoral control [203] |
Ankle | Shank Hip | Reduced range of motion | X, Y, Z | Instability [204], Sway Sensory changes and hypermobility [205,206] Altered hip load – unload [126] Hip weakness [207] |
Feet | shank | Lateral displacement | Y, Z | Tightness of lateral calf muscles [156] |
Feet | Sole | Asymmetry | Y | Posture information [155] Influence on retroocular muscles [55] |
Foot to head | Whole body | Â | Â | Posture asymmetry [208] |