Table 1 The studies of the strain rate effect on the failure mode of the knee.

1968

Viidik et al

White rabbits Femur-ACL-Tibia Rotated medially 90° Control

Not specified

21

2

4

15

40 weeks training

23

2

2

19

1974 a

Noyes et al

Rhesus monkeys Femur-ACL-Tibia 45° flexion

Slow 0.62 %/sec

28

8

4

16

Fast 67 %/sec

32

21

2

9

1974 b

Noyes et al

Rhesus monkeys Femur-ACL-Tibia 45° flexion Control

66.2 %/sec

30

18

3

9

8 weeks immobilized

66.2 %/sec

18

8

3

7

Exercise

66.2 %/sec

22

10

4

8

Recondition

66.2 %/sec

22

14

2

6

1974

Alm, et al

Beagle dogs Femur-ACL-Tibia 90° deflect

Deformation rate 15 mm/sec

80

75

5

0

1976

Crownishiel, et al

Rat Femur-MCL-Tibia

8.45^*10^-2%/sec

14

0

1

13

84.5 %/sec

12

4

2

6

19000 %/sec

16

8

4

4

51000 %/sec

7

4

2

1

1976

Kennedy, et al

Human knee Femur-ACL-Tibia 20–75 years

Slow 40 %/sec

20

20

0

0

Fast 140 %/sec

1976

Noyes, et al

Human cadaver knee Older (48–86 years) Femur-ACL-Tibia

100 %/sec

20

3

0

17

Human cadaver knee Younger (16–26 years)

100 %/sec

6

6

0

0

Rhesus monkeys (15 years)

66 %/sec

25

25

0

0

1990

Woo et al

Immature rabbit Femur-MCL-Tibia

0.011%/sec

18

0

0

18

0.15 %/sec

1.59 %/sec

12 %/sec

155 %/sec

Mature rabbit Femur-MCL-Tibia

0.011%/sec

18

12

6

0

0.15 %/sec

1.66 %/sec

18.6 %/sec

222 %/sec

1999

Schenck et al

Human cadaver knee Femur-PCL-Tibia 45° hyper-extension Aver. 61 years

Slow 100 %/sec

9

8

0

1

Fast 5400 %/sec

9

0

0

9

Femur-ACL-Tibia Aver. 61 years

Slow 100 %/sec

9

5

4

0

Fast 5400 %/sec

9

4

2

3