Table 1 Characteristic of Saudi women screened for low bone mineral density using quantitative ultrasound technique in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Characteristic | Women screened as positive for low BMD using QUS (n%) | Women screened as negative for low BMD using QUS (n%) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
Age (in years)n = 1005 | |||
41 to 50 | 166 (31.1) | 212 (45) | <0.01 |
51 to 60 | 228 (42.7) | 185 (39.3) | |
61 to 70 | 103 (19.3) | 55 (11.7) | |
70 and above | |||
Marital Status n = 995 | |||
Single* | 50 (9.5) | 41 (8.8) | <0.01 |
Married | 308 (58.2) | 327 (70.2) | |
Widow | 171 (32.3) | 98 (21) | |
Education n = 1008 | |||
University and above | 25 (4.7) | 31 (6.6) | <0.01 |
Intermediate& secondary | 30 (5.6) | 48 (10.1) | |
Primary | 24 (4.5) | 41 (8.7) | |
Illiterate | 456 (85.2) | 353 (74.6) | |
Occupation n = 962 | |||
Doctor | 1 (0.2) | 5 (1.1) | 0.08 |
Teacher/Administrator | 45 (8.8) | 51 (11.4) | |
Housewife | 467 (91) | 393 (87.5) | |
Husband Occupation n = 748 | |||
Doctors/teachers | 32 (8.5) | 26 (7) | 0.36 |
Business man | 98 (26) | 104 (28) | |
Military | 107 (28.4) | 88 (23.7) | |
Administration | 140 (37.1) | 153 (41.2) | |
Type of House n = 965 | |||
Villa | 390 (76.2) | 342 (75.5) | 0.95 |
Apartment | 74 (14.5) | 66 (14.6) | |
Small house | 48 (9.4) | 45 (9.9) | |
Body Mass Index n = 981 | |||
Normal | 60 (11.5) | 30 (6.6) | <0.01 |
Overweight | 149 (28.5) | 113 (24.7) | |
Obese | 314 (60) | 315 (68.8) | |
Exposure to sunlight per week n = 966 | |||
All the time | 130 (25.4) | 104 (22.9) | 0.29 |
Twice-thrice per week | 119 (23.2) | 97 (21.4) | |
Occasionally | 208 (40.6) | 212 (46.7) | |
Not at all | 55 (10.7) | 41 (9) | |
Duration of exposure n = 785 | |||
Sixty minutes | 7 (1.6) | 4 (1.1) | 0.13 |
Half an hour | 103 (24.1) | 66 (18.5) | |
Fifteen minutes | 318 (74.3) | 287 (80.4) | |
Obstetric history | |||
Age at menarche n = 978 | |||
≤ than 11 years | 141 (27.3) | 119 (25.8) | 0.82 |
12 to 14 years | 303 (58.7) | 274 (59.3) | |
≥15 years | 72 (14) | 69 (14.9) | |
Menstrual status n = 920 | |||
Regular | 170 (36) | 178 (39.7) | 0.23 |
Peri-menopausal** | 168 (35.6) | 136 (30.4) | |
Menopause | 134 (28.4) | 134 (29.9) | |
Number of pregnancies n = 963 | |||
No pregnancy | 10 (2) | 20 (4.4) | 0.08 |
Pregnant 1–4 times | 66 (12.9) | 62 (13.7) | |
Pregnant >5 times | 436 (85.2) | 369 (81.8) | |
History of breast feeding n = 956 | |||
Not at all*** | 16 (3.1) | 20 (4.5) | <0.01 |
For <6 months | 119 (23.4) | 140 (31.3) | |
For >6 months | 374 (73.5) | 287 (64.2) | |
Use of Contraceptive pills | |||
n = 947 | |||
Yes | 272 (54) | 208(47) | 0.03 |
No | 232 (46) | 235(53) | |
Duration of contraceptive pill use n = 504 | |||
Less than 5 years | 144 (57.8) | 175 (68.6) | <0.01 |
5 to 10 years | 78 (31.3) | 47 (18.4) | |
More than 10 years | 27 (10.8) | 33 (12.9) | |
Past medical history | |||
Diabetic on insulin n = 1008 | |||
No | 337 (63) | 283 (59.8) | 0.30 |
Yes | 198 (37) | 190 (40.2) | |
Past history of fractures on trivial fall n = 954 | |||
No | 442 (86.8) | 398 (89.4) | 0.13 |
Yes | 67 (13.2) | 47 (10.6) | |
Family History | |||
History of Osteoporosis in the family n = 870 | |||
No | 457 (98.3) | 389 (96) | 0.04 |
Yes | 8 (1.7) | 16 (4) | |
Family history of fracture on trivial fall n = 846 | |||
No | 449 (98.5) | 379 (97.2) | 0.19 |
Yes | 7 (1.5) | 11 (2.8) | |
Physical Activity | |||
Walking n = 1008 | |||
Yes | 274 (51.2) | 258 (54.5) | 0.29 |
No | 261 (48.8) | 215 (45.5) | |
Climbing Stairs n = 1008 | |||
Yes | 28 (5.2) | 25 (5.3) | 0.97 |
No | 507 (94.8) | 448 (94.7) | |
Swimming n = 1008 | |||
Yes | 11 (2.1) | 6 (1.3) | 0.33 |
No | 524 (97.9) | 467 (98.7) | |
Dietary Habits | |||
Milk (200 ml) n = 1008 | |||
Yes | 420 (78.5) | 397 (83.9) | 0.03 |
No | 115 (21.5) | 76 (16.1) | |
Laban (200 ml) n = 1008 | |||
Yes | 451 (84.3) | 410 (86.7) | 0.28 |
No | 84 (15.7) | 63 (13.3) | |
Cheese (slice = 100gms) n = 1008 | |||
Yes | 421 (78.7) | 399 (84.4) | 0.02 |
No | 114 (21.3) | 74 (15.6) | |
Fish slice(any type) n = 1008 | |||
Yes | 330 (61.7) | 323 (68.3) | 0.03 |
No | 205 (38.3) | 150 (31.7) | |
Meat n = 1008 | |||
Yes | 493 (92.1) | 443 (93.7) | 0.35 |
No | 42 (7.9) | 30 (6.3) | |
Green Tea (100 ml)n = 1008 | |||
Yes | 488 (91.2) | 431 (91.1) | 0.95 |
No | 47 (8.8) | 42 (8.9) | |
Arabic coffee (100 ml)n = 1008 | |||
Yes | 447 (83.6) | 414 (87.5) | 0.07 |
No | 88 (16.4) | 59 (12.5) | |
Beverages (250 ml)n = 1008 | |||
Yes | 97 (18.1) | 127 (26.8) | <0.01 |
No | 438 (81.9) | 346 (73.2) | |