Table 4 Intra-rater reliability and measurement error of commonly used clinical tests of the spine (continuous variables)
Examination (missing values) | Measurement error | Reliability | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rater | Range (cm) | đ (cm) | LoA (cm) | SEoM | ICC [2, 1] (95% CI) | ||
General mobility | |||||||
Lateral flexion FFD | R (1) | 1 | 29.5, 58.0 | 1.53 | -7.5, 10.5 | 3.3 | 0.77 (0.60, 0.88) |
R | 2 | 36.0, 51.5 | 1.00 | -5.7, 7.7 | 2.4 | 0.65 (0.41, 0.80) | |
L | 1 | 34.0, 57.0 | 0.56 | -6.2, 7.3 | 2.4 | 0.84 (0.72, 0.91) | |
L | 2 | 34.5, 52.0 | 0.33 | -6.7, 7.3 | 2.4 | 0.64 (0.40, 0.80) | |
Forward flexion FFD | (1) | 1 | 0, 34.5 | -0.77 | -10.3, 8.7 | 3.4 | 0.89 (0.80, 0.94) |
(3) | 2 | 0, 31.5 | -0.06 | -6.7, 6.6 | 2.3 | 0.94 (0.89, 0.97) | |
Schober test | 1* | 13.3, 15.5 | 0.03 | -1.3, 1.3 | 0.4 | 0.53 (0.26, 0.73) | |
2* | 13.0, 16.0 | -0.03 | -2.9, 2.8 | 1.0 | 0.14 (-0.21, 0.45) | ||