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Table 2 Associations* between cortisol measures and the presence of chronic multi-site musculoskeletal pain (n = 1125)

From: Reduced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in chronic multi-site musculoskeletal pain: partly masked by depressive and anxiety disorders

 

OR (95% CI)

P

At awakening

Sociodemographica

0.86 (0.75, 0.98)

0.03

Lifestyle & diseaseb

0.83 (0.72, 0.95)

0.009

Depression and anxietyc

0.81 (0.70, 0.94)

0.006

AUCg

Sociodemographica

0.94 (0.83, 1.08)

0.40

Lifestyle & diseaseb

0.91 (0.79, 1.06)

0.23

Depression and anxietyc

0.89 (0.76, 1.04)

0.13

AUCi

Sociodemographica

1.10 (0.97, 1.26)

0.15

Lifestyle & diseaseb

1.12 (0.97, 1.30)

0.12

Depression and anxietyc

1.10 (0.94, 1.28)

0.25

Mean evening level

Sociodemographica

0.92 (0.80, 1.05)

0.21

Lifestyle & diseaseb

0.85 (0.72, 0.99)

0.04

Depression and anxietyc

0.85 (0.72, 1.00)

0.05

Diurnal slope

Sociodemographica

0.89 (0.77, 1.02)

0.10

Lifestyle & diseaseb

0.88 (0.76, 1.02)

0.10

Depression and anxietyc

0.85 (0.73, 0.99)

0.04

Cortisol suppression ratio

Sociodemographica

1.02 (0.89, 1.16)

0.80

Lifestyle & diseaseb

1.03 (0.90, 1.18)

0.69

Depression and anxietyc

1.04 (0.90, 1.20)

0.57

  1. *Based on adjusted logistic regression analyses; OR per 1 SD increase;
  2. At awakening: SD = 6.78, AUCg: SD = 6.87, AUCi: SD = 6.39, mean evening level: SD = 3.43, diurnal slope: SD = 0.45, cortisol suppression ratio: SD = 1.58.
  3. aAdjusted for awakening time, working on day of sampling, month of sampling, ≤6 hours of sleep, age, sex, and years of education.
  4. bAdditionally adjusted for body mass index, smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, and chronic diseases; cadditionally adjusted for lifetime depressive/anxiety disorder and antidepressants.
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BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders

ISSN: 1471-2474

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