Multidimensional associative factors for improvement in pain, function, and working capacity after rehabilitation of whiplash associated disorder: a prognostic, prospective outcome study

Table 1 Multivariate regression of change in pain, function, and working capacity at discharge (n = 175)

			Bivariate	Multivariate
Covariate			Correlation	Partial correlation	Explained variance	F change	Regression coefficient	Coefficient’s significance
Pain relief: SF-36 bodily pain (explained variance: 54.6%)
Constant							-11.974	0.008
SF-36	Bodily pain	Baseline	-0.477	-0.598	22.8%	49.8	-0.651	<0.001
CSQ	Decrease pain	Change	0.345	0.281	9.6%	23.8	0.184	<0.001
CSQ	Decrease pain	Baseline	-0.044	0.165	6.2%	16.7	0.131	<0.001
HADS	Depression	Change	0.278	0.180	3.9%	11.2	0.162	0.001
SF-36	Physical function	Change	0.254	0.247	3.4%	11.3	0.203	0.001
HADS	Depression	Baseline	0.043	0.166	3.4%	10.3	0.119	0.002
SF-36	Physical function	Baseline	0.039	0.283	2.0%	6.4	0.245	0.013
SF-36	Social functioning	Change	0.316	0.155	1.3%	4.7	0.078	0.032
Smoking			0.135	0.183	1.3%	4.4	4.335	0.038
Sports		Baseline	0.143	0.134	0.8%	2.9	1.358	0.090
Functional improvement: NASS function (explained variance: 53.3%)
Constant							14.587	<0.001
CSQ	Catastrophizing	Change	0.440	0.261	19.4%	40.6	0.194	<0.001
NASS	Function	Baseline	-0.373	-0.537	11.4%	27.8	-0.482	<0.001
NASS	Pain	Change	0.378	0.390	11.3%	32.6	0.235	<0.001
NASS	Pain	Baseline	-0.084	0.264	5.9%	18.9	0.177	<0.001
HADS	Depression	Baseline	-0.078	0.215	2.0%	6.7	0.133	0.006
HADS	Depression	Change	0.440	0.279	1.9%	6.2	0.222	<0.001
Sex			0.181	0.174	1.5%	5.1	4.204	0.026
Working capacity improvement (explained variance: 61.6%)
Constant							15.171	<0.001
Working capacity		Baseline	-0.753	-0.780	56.7%	221.0	-0.764	<0.001
NASS	Function	Baseline	0.028	0.210	2.5%	10.1	0.120	0.006
Age			-0.114	-0.180	1.8%	7.7	-0.134	0.020
Comorbidities			-0.109	-0.133	0.7%	3.0	-0.971	0.087

Legend: SF-36: Short Form 36. NASS: North American Spine Society cervical spine self-assessment instrument. CSQ: Coping Strategies Questionnaire. HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Admission: baseline score, Change: Change of the score between baseline and follow-up.

ISSN: 1471-2474