Table 3 Evaluation criteria adapted from Downs & Black (1998)
Studies | Reporting | External validity | Bias | Confounding | Power | Overall |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0–10 | 0–2 | 0–7 | 0–4 | 0–1 | 0–24 | |
Bakker et al. (2003) | 7 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 17 |
Barnekow-Bergkvist et al. (2006) | 10 | 1 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 19 |
Baxter-Jones et al. (2008) | 7 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 14 |
Cooper et al. (1995) | 6 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 14 |
Delvaux et al. (2001) | 7 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 14 |
Groothausen et al. (1997) | 7 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 14 |
Kemper et al. (2000) | 8 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 18 |
Kemper et al. (2002) | 5 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 0 | 16 |
Lloyd et al. (2004) | 7 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 17 |
McGuigan et al. (2002) | 10 | 1 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 19 |
Mein et al. (2004) | 9 | 0 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 17 |
Neville et al. (2002) | 9 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 0 | 20 |
Petit et al. (2004) | 9 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 19 |
Uusi-Rasi et al. (2002) | 8 | 0 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 16 |
Uusi-Rasi et al. (2008) | 8 | 0 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 16 |
Valimaki et al. (1994) | 9 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 19 |
Van Langendonk et al. (2003) | 9 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 19 |
Wang et al. (2003) | 8 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 18 |
Welten et al. (1994) | 8 | 0 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 16 |
Mean (SD) | 7.9 (1.3) | 1.2 (1.0) | 4.9 (0.2) | 2.9 (0.6) | 0.0 (0.0) | 16.6 (3.0) |