Table 1 Clinical features of participants with and without tophi
Variable | No tophi (n = 243) | Tophi (n = 47) | p |
|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 57.8 (14.5) | 64.1 (14.0) | 0.006 |
Male sex, n (%) | 170 (70.0%) | 33 (70%) | 1.0 |
Ethnicity | |||
Caucasian/other, n (%) | 182 (74.8%) | 36 (77%) | 1.0 |
Maori or pacific, n (%) | 61 (25.2%) | 11 (23%) | 1.0 |
Disease duration, years | 5.1 (3.8) | 5.8 (3.2) | 0.22 |
Cardiovascular events, n (%) | 76 (31.3%) | 20 (43%) | 0.18 |
Type 2 diabetes, n (%) | 29 (12%) | 8 (17%) | 0.34 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 98 (40.3%) | 18 (38%) | 0.87 |
Kidney stones, n (%) | 17 (7.0%) | 5 (11%) | 0.37 |
Diuretic use, n (%) | 61 (25.1%) | 22 (47%) | 0.004 |
Colchicine use | 70 (28.8%) | 21 (45%) | 0.039 |
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use | 50 (20.5%) | 8 (17%) | 0.79 |
Allopurinol use, n (%) | 147 (60.5%) | 26 (55%) | 0.52 |
Allopurinol dose, mg/day | 215 (92) | 213 (116) | 0.93 |
Corticosteroid use, n (%) | 29 (11.9%) | 10 (21%) | 0.10 |
Low dose aspirin use, n (%) | 62 (25.5%) | 15 (32%) | 0.37 |
Adherence score* | 40.9 (6.2) | 40.9 (5.9) | 1.0 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 31.3 (6.9) | 30.0 (6.5) | 0.23 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 138 (22) | 139 (23) | 0.68 |
Creatinine clearance, mL/min | 72.1 (28.6) | 56.3 (27.4) | 0.001 |
C-reactive protein, mg/L | 5.3 (11.9) | 8.0 (15.0) | 0.17 |
Serum urate, mmol/L | 0.40 (0.13) | 0.43 (0.11) | 0.25 |
Gout flare frequency, per 3 months | 1.8 (5.9) | 5.4 (18.2) | 0.01 |
Tophus count | 0 (0) | 3.1 (3.4) | <0.001 |
Tender joint count (/68) | 1.6 (3.9) | 5.8 (8.7) | <0.001 |
Swollen joint count (/66) | 0.6 (1.8) | 3.3 (7.1) | <0.001 |
HAQ-II | 0.43 (0.55) | 0.77 (0.73) | 0.001 |
Patient global assessment, mm | 21.9 (23.1) | 33.7 (26.4) | 0.002 |
Pain visual analogue scale, mm | 15.9 (24.2) | 24.9 (25.9) | 0.021 |