The clinical course over the first year of Whiplash Associated Disorders (WAD): pain-related disability predicts outcome in a mildly affected sample

Table 3 Bi-variate associations between pain-related disability (PDI) at 12 months and independent variables at baseline

	PDI at 12 months follow-up
Independent variable at baseline	Pearson’s product–moment correlation r	p-value
PDI n = 74	.667	<.001
Pain intensity n = 74	.453	<.001
SES n = 73	-.40	<.001
TSK n = 73	.299	.01
CAT n = 74	.209	.074
IES n = 74	.201	.086

Note: N is based on those participants with completed questionnaires from baseline and 12 months follow up.
PDI = Pain Disability Index (0–70), low scores indicate low disability.
Pain intensity (3 items 0–10), low scores indicate low pain intensity, control (1 item 0–10), low scores indicate low control.
SES = Self-Efficacy Scale (0–200), low scores indicate low efficacy expectations.
TSK = The Tampa Scale of Kinesiphobia (17–68), low scores indicate low fear.
CAT = The Coping Strategies Questionnaire (0–36). High scores indicate higher frequency of catastrophic thinking.
IES = Impact of Event Scale (0–75). High scores indicate severe symptoms.

ISSN: 1471-2474