Table 1 Study inclusion and exclusion criteria

Inclusion

Age

18–65 years

Diagnosis

Mechanical low back pain

Duration

Greater than 3 months duration

Language

English speaking and English literate

Consent

Willing and able to give full consent

Exclusion

Pathology

Suspected or confirmed serious spinal pathology (cauda equine syndrome, fracture, metastatic, inflammatory spinal disease, pre-existing neurological condition)

Past medical history

Illicit drug use, spinal surgery, spinal cord stimulator implantation, cardiac history, psychiatric illness or personality disorder, intellectual disorder

Pregnancy

Suspected or confirmed pregnancy