Fear–avoidance beliefs associated with perceived psychological and social factors at work among patients with neck and back pain: a cross-sectional multicentre study

Table 2 Overview of subscales and items from QPS Nordic used in the analyses

Composite subscale	Subscales	Number of items	Total range of scores
Demand	Quantitative demands	4 items	1–5*
	Control demands	3 items	1–5*
	Learning demands	3 items	1–5*
Control	Positive challenge at work	3 items	1–5*
	Control of decision	5 items	1–5*
	Control of work pacing	4 items	1–5*
Support	Support from superior	3 items	1–5*
	Support from co-workers	2 items	1–5*
	Support from friends and family	3 items	1–5*
Single item	‘Does your work require physical endurance’?	Single item	1–5*

*Responses were given along a five-point scale ranging from 1 (very seldom or never) to 5 (very often or always). For each subscale, we reported the sum of the item score divided by the number of items (range 1–5).

ISSN: 1471-2474