Table 1 BDM in women according to sociodemographic, socioeconomic, risk and healthcare-related factors

Total

6,725

100.0%

25.6%

(24.3-26.9%)

Sociodemographic factors

Age group

p=0.0000

p=0.0000

p=0.0000

40-49 years

1,760

31.1%

(29.7-32.6%)

5.8%

(4.6-7.3%)

0.19

(0.14-0.25)

0.21

(0.16-0.29)

50-59 years

1,536

24.9%

(23.6-26.3%)

24.8%

(22.2-27.5%)

1.00

(ref.)

1.00

(ref.)

60-69 years

1,629

21.5%

(20.4-22.8%)

41.8%

(38.8-44.8%)

2.18

(1.80-2.63)

2.48

(2.02-3.03)

70-79 years

1,195

14.8%

(13.9-15.9%)

41.8%

(38.4-45.4%)

2.18

(1.78-2.67)

2.70

(2.16-3.38)

≥80 years

605

7.6%

(6.9-8.3%)

32.0%

(27.5-36.8%)

1.43

(1.10-1.85)

1.78

(1.34-2.37)

mean age (years)

58.5

(58.2-58.9)

Nationality

p=0.1109

p=0.0916 

p=0.0074 

Swiss citizen

5,502

78.3%

(76.9-79.6%)

25.5%

(24.2-27.0%)

1.00

(ref.)

1.00

(ref.)

Swiss dual citizen

712

10.1%

(9.3-11.0%)

29.2%

(25.4-33.4%)

1.20

(0.98-1.48)

1.43

(1.12-1.83)

others

510

11.6%

(10.5-12.9%)

22.6%

(18.3-27.5%)

0.85

(0.65-1.12)

1.32

(0.96-1.83)

unknown

1

Language region

p=0.0000

p=0.0000

p=0.0000

German

4,148

72.8%

(72.0-73.5%)

23.8%

(22.3-25.4%)

1.00

(ref.)

1.00

(ref.)

French

1,965

22.1%

(21.5-22.8%)

30.0%

(27.6-32.6%)

1.37

(1.18-1.59)

1.58

(1.34-1.87)

Italian

612

5.1%

(4.8-5.4%)

31.4%

(27.3-35.8%)

1.46

(1.18-1.81)

1.56

(1.20-2.03)

Region

p=0.0000

p=0.0000 

p=0.0000 

Lake Geneva

1,190

17.2%

(16.6-17.8%)

30.0%

(27.0-33.1%)

1.29

(1.06-1.58)

1.37

(1.09-1.72)

Midland

1,750

23.0%

(22.2-23.7%)

24.8%

(22.4-27.5%)

1.00

(ref.)

1.00

(ref.)

Northwest

752

14.9%

(14.3-15.5%)

28.8%

(25.2-32.6%)

1.22

(0.97-1.53)

1.13

(0.86-1.46)

Zurich

891

17.8%

(17.2-18.5%)

24.0%

(21.0-27.3%)

0.95

(0.76-1.19)

0.87

(0.68-1.12)

East

698

13.0%

(12.4-13.6%)

23.1%

(19.4-27.2%)

0.91

(0.70-1.17)

0.90

(0.68-1.21)

Central

839

9.3%

(8.9-9.7%)

17.8%

(14.9-21.1%)

0.65

(0.51-0.84)

0.65

(0.49-0.86)

Ticino

605

4.9%

(4.6-5.1%)

32.0%

(27.9-36.3%)

1.42

(1.12-1.80)

1.44

(1.09-1.92)

Residential area

p=0.0035

p=0.0036 

p=0.2215 

urban

4,734

74.4%

(73.2-75.6%)

26.7%

(25.2-28.3%)

1.00

(ref.)

1.00

(ref.)

rural

1,991

25.6%

(24.4-26.8%)

22.4%

(20.0-24.9%)

0.79

(0.67-0.93)

0.89

(0.74-1.07)

Socioeconomic factors

Education level

p=0.0905

p=0.0926 

p=0.0041 

compulsory

1,438

18.8%

(17.7-20.1%)

24.3%

(21.5-27.2%)

1.00

(ref.)

1.00

(ref.)

secondary

4,108

62.8%

(61.3-64.3%)

26.7%

(25.1-28.4%)

1.14

(0.95-1.36)

1.45

(1.16-1.81)

tertiary

1,179

18.3%

(17.2-19.6%)

23.3%

(20.5-26.3%)

0.95

(0.76-1.19)

1.44

(1.08-1.92)

Income per capita

p=0.0000

p=0.0000 

p=0.0271 

lower tertile

2,058

32.4%

(30.9-33.9%)

19.8%

(17.7-22.0%)

1.00

(ref.)

1.00

(ref.)

middle tertile

2,121

35.2%

(33.7-36.8%)

26.5%

(24.3-28.8%)

1.46

(1.22-1.75)

1.10

(0.90-1.34)

upper tertile

2,073

32.3%

(30.9-33.8%)

29.8%

(27.5-32.3%)

1.72

(1.44-2.06)

1.32

(1.07-1.63)

unknown

473

mean income (CHF per month)

4023

(3945-4101)

Hospitalisation insurance

p=0.0000

p=0.0000 

p=0.0001 

public

3,899

60.8%

(59.3-62.3%)

21.5%

(20.0-23.1%)

1.00

(ref.)

1.00

(ref.)

semiprivate

1,785

27.9%

(26.6-29.4%)

30.9%

(28.3-33.5%)

1.63

(1.40-1.90)

1.42

(1.19-1.70)

private

774

11.3%

(10.4-12.2%)

36.6%

(32.6-40.9%)

2.11

(1.72-2.58)

1.45

(1.15-1.83)

unknown

267

Healthcare-related factors and medication

Osteoporosis medication ^c in the last 7 days

p=0.0000

p=0.0000

p=0.0000

none

5,316

82.5%

(81.3-83.6%)

20.5%

(19.3-21.9%)

1.00

(ref.)

1.00

(ref.)

self-ordered

24

0.3%

(0.2-0.4%)

43.7%

(23.5-66.3%)

3.00

(1.18-7.63)

1.83

(0.63-5.32)

prescribed (not including HRT)

448

6.2%

(5.6-7.0%)

79.9%

(74.9-84.1%)

15.37

(11.45-20.63)

11.14

(8.07-15.39)

prescribed HRT

740

11.1%

(10.1-12.1%)

38.0%

(33.7-42.6%)

2.38

(1.93-2.92)

1.62

(1.28-2.06)

unknown

197

Number of doctor visits in the past 12 months

p=0.0000

p=0.0000

p=0.0000

no visits

889

13.6%

(12.6-14.7%)

15.3%

(12.6-18.4%)

1.00

(ref.)

1.00

(ref.)

1 visit

1,339

22.2%

(20.9-23.5%)

18.7%

(16.4-21.3%)

1.28

(0.97-1.69)

1.49

(1.09-2.04)

2-6 visits

3,166

47.5%

(46.0-49.0%)

27.8%

(26.0-29.8%)

2.14

(1.67-2.73)

2.09

(1.58-2.76)

>6 visits

1,167

16.7%

(15.6-17.9%)

35.7%

(32.3-39.2%)

3.07

(2.34-4.03)

2.87

(2.10-3.92)

unknown

164

mean number of visits

4.6

(4.3-4.8)

Gynaecologist check-up in the last 12 months

p=0.0043

p=0.0043

p=0.0000

no

3,618

51.8%

(50.3-53.3%)

23.8%

(22.1-25.5%)

1.00

(ref.)

1.00

(ref.)

yes

3,088

48.2%

(46.7-49.7%)

27.5%

(25.6-29.5%)

1.22

(1.06-1.39)

1.79

(1.51-2.12)

unknown

19

Cancer screening (breast, colon) ever performed

p=0.0000

p=0.0000

p=0.0000

no

2,978

47.5%

(46.0-49.0%)

16.7%

(15.1-18.4%)

1.00

(ref.)

1.00

(ref.)

yes

3,710

52.5%

(51.0-54.1%)

33.7%

(31.9-35.7%)

2.55

(2.20-2.95)

1.51

(1.27-1.79)

unknown

37

Health-oriented lifestyle

p=0.0242

p=0.0249 

p=0.0050 

no

379

7.2%

(6.4-8.2%)

20.3%

(15.7-25.7%)

1.00

(ref.)

1.00

(ref.)

yes

4,861

92.8%

(91.9-93.6%)

26.8%

(25.3-28.4%)

1.44

(1.05-1.98)

1.66

(1.16-2.35)

unknown

485

Self-assessed health state

p=0.0000

p=0.0000 

p=0.0000 

(very) good

5,414

81.8%

(80.6-82.9%)

23.0%

(21.6-24.3%)

1.00

(ref.)

1.00

(ref.)

medium

1,010

14.2%

(13.2-15.3%)

36.3%

(32.6-40.2%)

1.92

(1.60-2.30)

1.66

(1.33-2.08)

(very) poor

297

3.9%

(3.4-4.6%)

41.8%

(34.7-49.4%)

2.42

(1.77-3.30)

2.76

(1.88-4.06)

unknown

4

Risk factors

Smoking (smoker)

p=0.0006

p=0.0006

p=0.5451

no

3,806

56.8%

(55.3-58.3%)

26.8%

(25.1-28.5%)

1.00

(ref.)

1.00

(ref.)

ex (former or not daily)

1,692

25.5%

(24.2-26.8%)

26.6%

(24.2-29.3%)

0.99

(0.85-1.16)

1.09

(0.91-1.31)

yes

1,225

17.7%

(16.6-19.0%)

20.2%

(17.7-23.1%)

0.69

(0.57-0.84)

0.97

(0.77-1.22)

unknown

2

Tobacco consumption per day

p=0.0000

p=0.0000

p=0.7711

none

5,328

79.9%

(78.6-81.1%)

27.1%

(25.6-28.6%)

1.00

(ref.)

1.00

(ref.)

0-9 cigarettes

541

8.0%

(7.2-8.9%)

18.8%

(15.2-23.0%)

0.62

(0.48-0.81)

0.91

(0.67-1.25)

≥10 cigarettes

836

12.1%

(11.2-13.2%)

20.8%

(17.6-24.3%)

0.71

(0.57-0.88)

0.93

(0.72-1.21)

unknown

20

Alcohol intake per day

p=0.8684

p=0.8670

p=0.6308

none

2,443

34.7%

(33.3-36.2%)

25.9%

(23.8-28.1%)

1.00

(ref.)

1.00

(ref.)

0-30 g

4,175

63.9%

(62.4-65.3%)

25.5%

(23.9-27.1%)

0.98

(0.85-1.13)

0.97

(0.82-1.14)

>30 g

92

1.4%

(1.1-1.8%)

23.2%

(14.6-34.9%)

0.87

(0.48-1.55)

0.74

(0.40-1.39)

unknown

15

mean alcohol intake (g/d)

5.6

(5.3-5.8)

Underweight (BMI <20 kg/m ² )

p=0.8712

p=0.8712

p=0.0146

no

5,694

86.3%

(85.2-87.4%)

25.7%

(24.4-27.1%)

1.00

(ref.)

1.00

(ref.)

yes

892

13.7%

(12.7-14.8%)

26.0%

(22.7-29.7%)

1.02

(0.83-1.24)

1.34

(1.06-1.69)

unknown

139

mean BMI (kg/m²)

24.2

(24.0-24.3)

Physical activity

p=0.1262

p=0.1286

p=0.0398

inactive

1,596

20.9%

(19.8-22.2%)

27.5%

(24.9-30.4%)

1.00

(ref.)

1.00

(ref.)

partially active

2,675

41.5%

(40.0-43.0%)

24.2%

(22.2-26.2%)

0.84

(0.70-1.00)

1.06

(0.86-1.30)

active

2,442

37.6%

(36.1-39.1%)

26.2%

(24.1-28.3%)

0.93

(0.78-1.11)

1.27

(1.03-1.56)

unknown

12

Falls in the past 12 months ^d

p=0.0623

p=0.0625

p=0.0128

no

2,528

75.0%

(73.2-76.8%)

38.9%

(36.6-41.3%)

1.00

(ref.)

1.00

(ref.)

yes

892

25.0%

(23.2-26.8%)

43.3%

(39.4-47.4%)

1.20

(0.99-1.45)

1.30

(1.06-1.60)

unknown

3,305