Table 1 Patellofemoral kinematics in healthy knees and knees with PCL-insufficiency (mean values ± standard deviation) during knee flexion (0-90°)

Patellar height [mm]

16.2 ± 3.8

19.7 ± 4.9

17.0± 6.3

17.2 ± 3.6

23.5 ± 3.2

23.7 ± 7.6

Femoro-patellar angle [°]

5.9 ± 5.2

7.8 ± 4.6

21.2 ± 8.2

16.3 ± 10.8

49.9 ± 6.3

52.2 ± 7.8

Tilt angle[°]

8.7 ± 3.4

9.7 ± 4.1

9.2 ± 3.9

8.2 ± 2.9

7.5 ± 3.5

6.4 ± 6.1

Patellar shift (to lateral) [mm]

1.9 ± 2.9

2.4 ± 4.6

1.9 ± 1.7

2.4 ± 3.3

4.7 ± 5.0

5.2 ± 5.0

Patellar height [mm]

15.5 ± 8.0

15.3 ± 7.7

17.3 ± 8.4

16.7 ± 6.9

21.6 ± 7.9

21.0 ± 8.2

Femoro-patellar angle [°]

4.3 ± 4.1

7.4 ± 6.1

18.9 ± 6.4

17.4 ± 8.7

52.3 ± 4.9

51.4 ± 5.3

Tilt angle[°]

9.1 ± 5.3

9.5 ± 5.7

9.7 ± 4.6

9.5 ± 5.2

13.1 ± 9.1 *

14.0 ± 9.4 *

Patellar shift (to lateral) [mm]

2.1 ± 1.6

3.0 ± 2.1

2.4 ± 2.2

3.2 ± 3.1

6.7 ± 5.4 *

6.8 ± 5.3 *