Table 3 Factors associated with non-success (SBI ≥ 7) at 1 and 2 years. ORs with p <; 0.10 are in italics in the univariate analyses
From: Prognostic factors for non-success in patients with sciatica and disc herniation
1 year n = 409 | 2 years n = 376 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Univariate | Multivariate | Univariate | Multivariate | |||||||
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | p | |
Sociodemographic variables | ||||||||||
Age | 1.03 | (1.01 − 1.04) | 1.02 | (1.00 − 1.04) | 0.078 | 1.02 | (1.00 − 1.04) | 1.02 | (1.00 − 1.04) | 0.150 |
Male sex (ref female) | 0.80 | (0.54 − 1.19) | 1.13 | (0.71 − 1.82) | 0.606 | 1.06 | (0.70 − 1.60) | 1.36 | (0.83 − 2.22) | 0.218 |
Smoking (ref nonsmoking) | 1.57 | (1.06 − 2.34) | 1.62 | (1.07 − 2.46) | 1.69 | (1.06 − 2.68) | 0.028 | |||
Education, years (continuous) | 0.99 | (0.92 − 1.05) | 0.94 | (0.88 − 1.01) | ||||||
Partly sick leave (ref working) | 1.00 | (0.48 − 2.09) | 0.83 | (0.38 − 1.82) | ||||||
Complete sick leave, rehabilitation (ref working) | 1.32 | (0.79 − 2.21) | 1.20 | (0.70 − 2.07) | ||||||
Disability pension (ref working) | 2.24 | (0.94 − 5.34) | 1.39 | (0.56 − 3.44) | ||||||
Other (ref working) | 1.11 | (0.54 − 2.28) | 0.92 | (0.43 − 2.00) | ||||||
Back pain/sciatica history | ||||||||||
Previous sciatica episodes >; 0 (ref 0) | 1.47 | (0.99 − 2.17) | 1.00 | (0.67 − 1.51) | ||||||
Duration back problems ≥ 1 years (ref <;1 year) | 1.97 | (1.27 − 3.06) | 1.84 | (1.16 − 2.93) | ||||||
Duration current sciatica episode ≥ 3 mos. (ref <; 3 mos.) | 1.01 | (0.68 − 1.49) | 1.14 | (0.75 − 1.72) | ||||||
Self-reported health status | ||||||||||
Maine-Seattle Back Questionnaire (continuous) | 1.10 | (1.02 − 1.19) | 1.12 | (1.03 − 1.22) | ||||||
Pain intensity* back (continuous) | 1.02 | (1.01 − 1.02) | 1.02 | (1.01 − 1.03) | <;0.001 | 1.02 | (1.01 − 1.02) | 1.02 | (1.01 − 1.03) | <;0.001 |
Pain intensity* leg (continuous) | 1.01 | (1.00 − 1.01) | 1.00 | (0.99 − 1.01) | ||||||
Sciatica Bothersomeness Index (continuous) | 1.09 | (1.05 − 1.14) | 1.06 | (1.00 − 1.12) | 0.037 | 1.07 | (1.03 − 1.12) | 1.03 | (0.97 − 1.09) | 0.346 |
Subjective health complaints (continuous) | 1.12 | (1.07 − 1.18) | 1.10 | (1.04 − 1.16) | 0.001 | 1.09 | (1.04 − 1.15) | 1.07 | (1.01 − 1.13) | 0.033 |
Kinesiophobia† (continuous) | 1.03 | (1.00 − 1.06) | 1.02 | (0.99 − 1.06) | ||||||
Emotional distress‡ (continuous) | 1.93 | (1.22 − 3.05) | 1.88 | (1.15 − 3.07) | ||||||
Clinical finding | ||||||||||
Muscular weakness (ref no weakness) | 1.93 | (1.30 − 2.88) | 1.70 | (1.07 − 2.72) | 0.026 | 1.96 | (1.29 − 2.97) | 1.94 | (1.19 − 3.15) | 0.008 |
Reflex reduced or absent (ref normal reflexes) | 1.09 | (0.74 − 1.61) | 1.33 | (0.88 − 2.01) | ||||||
Sensory loss (ref intact sensibility) | 1.85 | (1.24 − 2.76) | 1.69 | (1.11 − 2.58) | ||||||
Straight-leg-raising test <; 60° (ref >; 60°) | 1.13 | (0.76 − 1.68) | 1.05 | (0.69 − 1.58) | ||||||
No surgery (ref surgery) | 2.78 | (1.76 − 4.37) | 3.81 | (2.23 − 6.50) | <;0.001 | 1.80 | (1.14 − 2.83) | 2.25 | (1.32 − 3.81) | 0.003 |