Table 2 Factors associated with non-success (MSBQ ≥ 5) at 1 and 2 years. ORs with p <; 0.10 are in italics in the univariate analyses
From: Prognostic factors for non-success in patients with sciatica and disc herniation
1 year n = 408 | 2 years n = 378 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Univariate | Multivariate | Univariate | Multivariate | |||||||
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | p | |
Sociodemographic variables | ||||||||||
Age | 1.01 | (0.99 − 1.03) | 1.00 | (0.99 − 1.02) | 0.689 | 1.02 | (1.00 − 1.04) | 1.02 | (0.99 − 1.04) | 0.161 |
Male sex (ref female) | 1.03 | (0.70 − 1.53) | 1.70 | (1.06 − 2.73) | 0.029 | 0.85 | (0.56 − 1.30) | 1.29 | (0.78 − 2.15) | 0.326 |
Smoking (ref non-smoking) | 1.99 | (1.34 − 2.98) | 2.06 | (1.31 − 3.25) | 0.002 | 1.51 | (0.99 − 2.30) | |||
Education, years (continuous) | 0.93 | (0.87 − 0.99) | 0.92 | (0.85 − 0.98) | ||||||
Partly sick leave (ref working) | 0.84 | (0.38 − 1.86) | 1.50 | (0.66 − 3.42) | ||||||
Complete sick leave, rehabilitation (ref working) | 1.90 | (1.11 − 3.24) | 2.18 | (1.21 − 3.95) | ||||||
Disability pension (ref working) | 2.94 | (1.23 − 7.01) | 3.82 | (1.48 − 9.82) | ||||||
Other (ref working) | 1.99 | (0.96 − 4.14) | 2.08 | (0.94 − 4.60) | ||||||
Back pain/sciatica history | ||||||||||
Previous sciatica episodes >; 0 (ref 0) | 1.23 | (0.83 − 1.82) | 1.16 | (0.76 − 1.76) | ||||||
Duration back problems ≥ 1 years (ref <; 1 year) | 2.08 | (1.33 − 3.26) | 2.48 | (1.52 − 4.06) | 1.92 | (1.11 − 3.32) | 0.020 | |||
Duration current sciatica episode ≥ 3 mos. (ref <; 3 mos.) | 1.21 | (0.81 − 1.80) | 1.69 | (1.11 − 2.60) | 2.30 | (1.40 − 3.80) | 0.001 | |||
Self-reported health status | ||||||||||
Maine-Seattle Back Questionnaire (continuous) | 1.26 | (1.16 − 1.38) | 1.24 | (1.11 − 1.38) | <;0.001 | 1.30 | (1.19 − 1.44) | 1.28 | (1.14 − 1.43) | <;0.001 |
Pain intensity* back (continuous) | 1.02 | (1.01 − 1.03) | 1.01 | (1.01 − 1.02) | 0.002 | 1.02 | (1.01 − 1.02) | |||
Pain intensity* leg (continuous) | 1.01 | (1.01 − 1.02) | 1.01 | (1.01 − 1.02) | ||||||
Sciatica Bothersomeness Index (continuous) | 1.11 | (1.06 − 1.16) | 1.11 | (1.06 − 1.16) | ||||||
Subjective health complaints (continuous) | 1.13 | (1.07 − 1.82) | 1.09 | (1.03 − 1.15) | 0.003 | 1.16 | (1.10 − 1.23) | 1.10 | (1.03 − 1.17) | 0.003 |
Kinesiophobia† (continuous) | 1.06 | (1.03 − 1.09) | 1.07 | (1.04 − 1.10) | 1.04 | (1.00 − 1.08) | 0.033 | |||
Emotional distress‡ (continuous) | 3.40 | (2.08 − 5.56) | 3.31 | (1.95 − 5.59) | ||||||
Clinical finding | ||||||||||
Muscular weakness (ref no weakness) | 1.37 | (0.92 − 2.03) | 1.27 | (0.84 − 1.93) | ||||||
Reflex reduced or absent (ref normal reflexes) | 1.41 | (0.95 − 2.09) | 1.62 | (1.03 − 2.56) | 0.037 | 1.07 | (0.70 − 1.62) | |||
Sensory loss (ref intact sensibility) | 1.10 | (0.74 − 1.64) | 1.24 | (0.82 − 1.90) | ||||||
Straight-leg-raising test <; 60° (ref >; 60°) | 1.31 | (0.88 − 1.95) | 1.15 | (0.76 − 1.75) | ||||||
No surgery (ref surgery) | 1.66 | (1.07 − 2.58) | 2.97 | (1.75 − 5.04) | <;0.001 | 0.98 | (0.63 − 1.52) | 1.32 | (0.78 − 2.23) | 0.308 |