Manual therapy followed by specific active exercises versus a placebo followed by specific active exercises on the improvement of functional disability in patients with chronic non specific low back pain: a randomized controlled trial

Table 4 Results of mixed models for secondary outcomes

Outcome	Predictors	Coeff	95% CI	P
FABQ-wk	Treatment	−1.95	[−5.12;1.22]	0.228
	Time	1.10	[−0.25;2.45]	0.111
	FABQ-wk baseline	0.90	[0.78;1.03]	<0.001
	Constant	−0.75	[−5.00;3.50]	0.729
FABQ-pa	Treatment	0.02	[−3.33;3.36]	0.992
	Time	−0.64	[−1.68;0.39]	0.223
	FABQ-pa baseline	0.61	[0.38;0.83]	<0.001
	Constant	6.55	[2.01;11.10]	0.005
Sorensen	Treatment	−9.69	[−31.70;12.30]	0.388
	Time	6.64	[−1.63;14.90]	0.116
	Sorensen baseline	0.51	[0.29;0.73]	<0.001
	Constant	33.19	[7.88;58.50]	0.010
Shirado	Treatment	57.40	[1.13;113.60]	0.046*
	Time	29.00	[7.42;50.50]	0.008
	Treatment by time	−39.70	[−69.00;-10.00]	0.009
	Shirado baseline	0.72	[0.54;0.90]	<0.001
	Constant	8.36	[−36.3;53.10]	0.714

* Statistical significance for secondary outcomes (P < 0.05).
Since the treatment by time interactions were not statistically significant for FABQ-wk, FABQ-pa and Sorensen, the analyses for these outcomes were repeated after dropping the interaction terms.
Coeff = regression coefficients: same interpretation as for ordinary (least square) regression.
CI = confidence intervals, FABQ-wk, Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire Work Subscale; FABQ-pa, Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire Physical Activity Subscale; Sorensen and Shirado tests evaluate the erector spinae and abdominal muscles endurance, respectively.
All variables were calculated over time, i.e., before (baseline) and after the 8 treatments as well as at 3 and 6 months after the end of the treatment.

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