Influence of pain location and hand dominance on scapular kinematics and EMG activities: an exploratory study

Table 5 Comparisons of EMG muscle activity during bilateral arm elevation in subjects with chronic neck pain.^a

Muscle	Effect	F	P	Observed power
Sternocleidomastoid muscle	Dominance^b	0.01	0.95	0.50
	Phase^b	22.57	0.00*	1.00
	Group^b	0.21	0.81	0.08
	Dominance*Group	0.42	0.66	0.11
	Phase*Group	1.07	0.41	0.49
	Dominance*Phase	1.24	0.32	0.36
	DominancePhaseGroup	1.06	0.41	0.48
Upper trapezius muscle	Dominance^b	0.01	0.95	0.05
	Phase^b	129.17	0.00*	1.00
	Group^b	1.07	0.34	0.22
	Dominance*Group	0.24	0.79	0.08
	Phase*Group	1.67	0.12	0.72
	Dominance*Phase	0.72	0.62	0.21
	DominancePhaseGroup	0.59	0.82	0.26

^a Repeated measures ANOVA
^b Dominance effect: right handed vs. left handed; Phase effect: humeral ascending and descending phases; Group effect: neck pain on dominant side/non-dominant side/both sides
*: P value < 0.05