Table 2 Item list for physical examination.
History taking | Inspection | Range of motion and additional diagonistic tests |
|---|---|---|
- Pain location | - Standing posture | - Standing on heels and toes |
- Radiation of the pain | - Scars or other abnormalities | - Finger-floor distance and the presence of flexion pain |
- Severity of pain (11-point numeric rating scale) | - Heberden's and Bouchard's nodules | - Latero-flexion: range and pain (yes/no) |
- Leg pain > back pain | - Palpation of the paravertebral muscles | - Upper body rotation: range and pain |
- Paraesthesia of the foot and toes | - Palpation spinous processes and sacroiliac joint | - Muscular strength of the m. quadriceps |
- Non-mechanical pain | - Ankle tendon reflex | |
- Neuropathic pain questions (DN4) [46] | - Knee tendon reflex | |
- History of back pain | - Hypesthesia or Hypalgesia of the foot and toes | - Exo- and endorotation of the hip: range and pain |
- Pain and activity | - Neuropathic pain tests (DN4) [46] | - Bone quality of the heel |
- Pain during coughing or sneezing | Â | - Timed Up and Go test [49] |
- Weight loss | Â | - C-reactive protein level (blood sample) |
- Comorbidity: e.g. urinal problems, obstipation, diagnosis of osteoporosis | Â | Â |