Material | Young's modulus | Poisson ratio | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
 | E (MPa) | ν |  |
Vertebra | Â | Â | Â |
Cortical bone | 12000 | 0.3 | |
Cancellous bone | 100 | 0.2 | |
Endplate | 12000 | 0.3 | |
Posterior elements | 3500 | 0.25 | |
Disc | Â | Â | Â |
Nucleus pulposus | 1 | 0.4999 | |
Annulus ground substance | 4.2 | 0.45 | |
Fiber | Â | Â | Â |
   (inner) | 360 | 0.3 | |
   (outer) | 550 | 0.3 |