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Table 2 Properties of the materials used in this study
| Material | Young's modulus | Poisson ratio | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| E (MPa) | ν | ||
| Vertebra | |||
| Cortical bone | 12000 | 0.3 | [21, 27–32] |
| Cancellous bone | 100 | 0.2 | [28–32] |
| Endplate | 12000 | 0.3 | [12, 27, 29] |
| Posterior elements | 3500 | 0.25 | [18, 21, 30, 33, 34] |
| Disc | |||
| Nucleus pulposus | 1 | 0.4999 | [16, 30, 35, 36] |
| Annulus ground substance | 4.2 | 0.45 | [27–30, 36–38] |
| Fiber | |||
| (inner) | 360 | 0.3 | [29, 39] 360~550(E) |
| (outer) | 550 | 0.3 | [27, 40] 450(E) |
