Material | Young's modulus | Poisson ratio | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
E (MPa) | ν | ||
Vertebra | |||
Cortical bone | 12000 | 0.3 | [21, 27–32] |
Cancellous bone | 100 | 0.2 | [28–32] |
Endplate | 12000 | 0.3 | [12, 27, 29] |
Posterior elements | 3500 | 0.25 | [18, 21, 30, 33, 34] |
Disc | |||
Nucleus pulposus | 1 | 0.4999 | [16, 30, 35, 36] |
Annulus ground substance | 4.2 | 0.45 | [27–30, 36–38] |
Fiber | |||
(inner) | 360 | 0.3 | [29, 39] 360~550(E) |
(outer) | 550 | 0.3 | [27, 40] 450(E) |