Fig. 4

The causal relationships between hip or knee OA and diverse traits. Each dot represented one trait with significant genetic correlation with hip or knee OA (FDR < 0.05). Traits in red showed positive genetic correlations with hip OA, while those in blue demonstrated negative genetic correlations. Both FDR < 0.05 and |GCP| > 0.6 were set as the significant threshold (the red dashed lines) for GCP estimates. Traits with GCP < -0.6 could causally affect hip or knee OA, while traits could be causally influenced by hip or knee OA if GCP > 0.6