Fig. 3

The causal relationships between hip OA and diverse traits. Each dot represented one trait with significant genetic correlation with hip OA (FDR < 0.05). Traits in red showed positive genetic correlations with hip OA, while those in blue demonstrated negative genetic correlations. Both FDR < 0.05 and |GCP| > 0.6 were set as the significant threshold (the red dashed lines) for GCP estimates. Traits with GCP < -0.6 could causally affect hip OA, while traits could be causally influenced by hip OA if GCP > 0.6