Table 1 Characteristics of the Studies included
Authors | Study design | Population | Sample | Intervention (I) / Comparator (C) | The change of Inflammatory biomarkers | Pharmacologic interventions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Study design: RCTs | ||||||
Bablis et al. 2022 [45] | RCT | Non-specific CLBP | NR = 173 (I:87; C:86) NT0 = 112 (I:58; C:54) NT1−T3 = 103 (I:54; C:49) T1: 1 month after T0 (TA) T2: 3 months after T0 T3: 6 months after T0 | I = Neuro-emotional technique C = Sham neuro-emotional technique Duration: 2x weekly for 4 weeks. | TNF-α ↓ (significant decrease in I but not in C) IL-1 ↓ (significant decrease in I but not in C) IL-6 ↓ (significant decrease in I but not in C) IL-10 ↓ (significant decrease in I but not in C) CRP ↓ (significant decrease in I but not in C) (Serum) | no |
Licciardone et al. 2012 [49] | RCT | Non-specific CLBP | Sub-study nested NT0 = 70 (I:38; C:32) NT1 = 55 (I:28; C:27) T1: 12 weeks after T0 (TA) | I = Osteopathic manual treatment C = Sham osteopathic manual treatment Duration: 6 × (15 min/session) for 8 weeks. | TNF-α ↓ (significant decrease in I than in C) IL-1β (no significant change between I and C) IL-6 (no significant change between I and C) IL-8 (no significant change between I and C) IL-10 (no significant change between I and C) (Serum) | 21/38 of I used nonprescription drugs for LBP in previous 4 weeks 3/38 of I used prescription drugs for LBP in previous 4 weeks 18/32 of C used nonprescription drugs for LBP in previous 4 weeks 8/32 of C used prescription drugs for LBP in previous 4 weeks No statistically difference of drugs use between I and C |
Lin et al. 2015 [40] | RCT | CLBP | Sub-study nested NT0−T1 = 61 (I:30; C:31) T1: 4 weeks after T0 (TA) | I = Auricular point acupressure C = Sham auricular point acupressure Duration: 1x weekly for 4 weeks. | TNF-α (no significant change between I and C) IL-1β (no significant change between I and C) IL-2 (no significant change between I and C) IL-4 ↑ (significant increase in I than in C) IL-6 (no significant change between I and C) IL-10 (no significant change between I and C) (Serum) | 13/30 (43%) of I and 14/31 (45%) of C have the current pain medication use No statistically difference of current pain medication use between I and C (p = 0.89) |
Nambi et al. 2020 [52] | RCT | Non-specific CLBP | NR−T0 = 60 (I1:20; I2:20; C:20) NT1 = 59 (I1:19; I2:20; C:20) T1: 4 weeks after T0 (TA) | I1 = Isokinetic training I2 = Core stabilization training C = Conventional balance training for core muscles Duration: 5x weekly for 4 weeks. | Results not reliable, inconsistency in all the article | No |
Poojari et al. 2022 [41] | RCT | CLBP | NR−T0 = 35 (I:17; C:18) NT1 = 31 (I:14; C:17) NT2 = 29 (I:14; C:15) T1: 1 month after T0 T2: 3 months after T0 (TA) | I = Integrated Approach of Yoga Therapy + Usual care. - Center-based: 6x weekly (60 min/session) for 2 weeks. - Home-based: suggested daily (45 min/session) until 3 months. C = Usual care (Education on disease, self-care, physically activity, lifestyle and a back-care booklet) Duration: 3 months | TNF-α (no significant change between I and C) (Serum) | 6/14 (42.9%) of I have monotherapy for CLBP 8/14 (57.1%) of I have dual therapy for CLBP 9/15 (60%) of C have monotherapy for CLBP 6/15 (40%) of C have dual therapy for CLBP No statistically difference of drug therapy between I and C (p = 0.356) |
Yeh et al. 2014 [42] | RCT | CLBP | NT0−T1−T2 = 19 (I:10; C:9) T1: 4 weeks after T0 (TA) T2: 1 month after T1 | I = Auricular point acupressure C = Sham auricular point acupressure Duration: 4 weeks | TNF-α (no significant change between I and C) IL-1β (no significant change between I and C) IL-2 (no significant change between I and C) IL-4 (no significant change between I and C) IL-6 (no significant change between I and C) IL-10 (no significant change between I and C) (Serum) | 2/10 (20%) of I use pain medication at baseline 4/9 (44%) of C use pain medication at baseline |
Yücesoy et al. 2021 [44] | RCT | Non-specific CLBP | NR−T0 = 74 (I:37; C:37) NT1 = 66 (I:33; C:33) T1: 2 weeks after T0 (TA) | I = Balneotherapy (5x weekly) + Home exercise program (daily) C = Home exercise program (daily) Duration: 2 weeks | IL-6 (no significant change after I) IL-10 ↑ (significant increase after I) (Serum) | The usage of analgesics: 0.94 (number/day) of I, 1.94 of C used NSAID in T1. No statistically difference of NSAID usage between I and C (p = 0.458) 0.33 of I, 0.46 of C used Paracetamol in T1. No statistically difference of Paracetamol usage between I and C (p = 0.76) |
Zgierska et al. 2016 [43] | RCT | CLBP | NR−T0 = 35 (I:21; C:14) NT1 = 32 (I:18; C:14) NT2 = 28 (I:15; C:13) T1: 8 weeks after T0 T2: 26 weeks after T0 (TA) | I = Meditation combined with cognitive behavioral therapies + Usual care. - Center-based: 2 h weekly for 8 weeks - Home-based: suggested mindfulness meditation 6 days/week (at least 30 min) until 26 weeks. C = Usual care (pharmacotherapy, monitoring, referral to specialty care) Duration: 6 days/week (at least 30 min) for 26 weeks. | TNF-α (no significant change between I and C) IL-1β (no significant change between I and C) IL-6 (no significant change between I and C) IFNγ (no significant change between I and C) CRP (no significant change between I and C) (Serum) | Mean (Standard deviation) of opioid dose: 166.9 (153.7) in I, 120.3 (76.9) in C No statistically difference of opioid dose between I and C (p = 0.654) |
Study design: Non-Randomized studies of interventions | ||||||
Cho et al. 2015 [53] | Controlled - quasi-randomized trial | Non-specific CLBP | NE = 43 (I:23; C:20) NT1 = 24 (I:14; C:11) T1: 12 weeks after T0 (TA) NIT= 43 (I:23; C:20) | I = Hatha yoga [26]: 3x weekly C = No treatment Duration: 12 weeks. | TNF-α ↓ (significant decrease in I than in C) CRP (no significant change between I and C) (Serum) | no |
Cheng et al. 2015 [54] | No controlled - Before-and-after study | Non-specific LBP | NT0−T1 = 30 T1: 4 weeks after T0 (TA) | I = Exercise training: 3x weekly Duration: 4 weeks. | TNF-α ↓ (significant decrease after I) IL-1β ↓ (significant decrease after I) IL-6 ↓ (significant decrease after I) IL-8 ↓ (significant decrease after I) IFNγ ↓ (significant decrease after I) IP-10 ↓ (significant decrease after I) (Plasma) | no |
Roy et al. 2010 [55] | No controlled - Before-and-after study | CLBP | NT0 = 11 NT1 = 10 T1: 2 weeks after T0 (TA) | I = Chiropractic spinal manipulative therapy Duration: 9 sessions for 2 weeks. (Negative control group: With no LBP or treatment NT0−T1 = 10 was used as a reference) | IL-6 ↓ (significant decrease after I) (Plasma) CRP ↓ (significant decrease after I) (Serum) | no |
Teodorczyk-Injeyan et al. 2018 [21] | No controlled - Before-and-after study | Non-specific CLBP | NT0−T1 = 23 T1: 2 weeks after T0 (TA) | I = Spinal manipulative therapy Duration: 6 sessions for 2 weeks. (Negative control group: With no LBP or treatment NT0−T1 = 21 was used as a reference) | CCL2 (no significant change after I) CCL3 ↓ (significant decrease after I) CCL4 (no significant change after I) (blood) | no |
Teodorczyk-Injeyan et al. 2021 [56] | No controlled - Before-and-after study | Non-specific CLBP | NT0−T1 = 25 T1: 2 weeks after T0 (TA) | I = Spinal manipulative therapy Duration: 6 sessions for 2 weeks. (Negative control group: With no LBP or treatment NT0−T1 = 24 was used as a reference) | TNF-α (no significant change after I) IL-1β (no significant change after I) IL-2 (no significant change after I) IL-6 ↓ (significant decrease after I) IL-10 (no significant change after I) IFNɣ (no significant change after I) (blood) | no |