A controlled randomized trial with a 12-week follow-up investigating the effects of medium-frequency neuromuscular electrical stimulation on pain, VMO thickness, and functionality in patients with knee osteoarthritis

Table 1 Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants

	NMES Group (n = 25) Mean (SD)	Exs Group (n = 25) Mean (SD)	NMES + Exs Group (n = 25) Mean (SD)	P value (P ≤ 0.05)
Quantitative variables	Mean (SD)
Age (years)	57.31(5.80)	57.83(5.97)	58.15 (6.36)	0. 911^a
BMI (kg/m²)	26.68(2.01)	25.77(2.43)	26.29 (2.48)	0. 487^a
History of KOA (years)	4.73(3.75)	5.50(4.03)	4.88(3.80)	0. 809^a
Qualitative variables	Frequency (percentage)
K-L radiological stage (%)
Grade II	15 (60%)	14(56%)	13(52%)	0.459^a
Grade III	10(40%)	11(44%)	12(48%)	0.568^a
Involved Knee (%)
Right	18(72%)	19 (76%)	17(68%)	0.702^a
Left	7(28%)	6(24%)	8(32%)	0.651^a
Involved Joint (%)
Patellofemoral (PFJ)	6(24%)	5(20%)	5(20%)	0.671^a
Tibiofemoral (TFJ)	10(40%)	10(40%)	9(36%)	0.723^a
Mixed (PFJ + TFJ)	9(36%)	10(40%)	11(44%)	0.422^a

ISSN: 1471-2474