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Table 2 Crude and adjusted hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals for fractures among the female participants in Cox regression analyses

From: Increased fragility fracture risk in Korean women who snore: a 10-year population-based prospective cohort study

 

Fracture

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

No (n = 2947)

Yes (n = 273)

p-value

HR (95% CI)

p-value

HR (95% CI)

p-value

HR (95% CI)

Survival time (years)

9.8 ± 0.6

6.6 ± 2.4

      

Snoring, n (%)

        

 Non-snoring

1295 (43.9)

103 (37.7)

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Snoring

1369 (46.5)

124 (45.4)

0.320

1.142 (0.879–1.483)

0.495

1.097 (0.841–1.432)

0.506

1.094 (0.840–1.424)

 Severe snoring

283 (9.6)

46 (16.9)

<0.001*

1.969 (1.391–2.787)

0.006*

1.682 (1.164–2.430)

0.005*

1.680 (1.168–2.416)

Age (years)

52.2 ± 8.8

54.0 ± 8.5

  

0.178

1.019 (0.991–1.048)

0.007*

1.023 (1.006–1.039)

Weight (kg)

58.9 ± 8.2

59.1 ± 8.3

  

0.956

0.999 (0.964–1.035)

  

Height (cm)

154.0 ± 5.5

153.1 ± 5.5

  

0.014*

0.966 (0.939–0.993)

0.004*

0.965 (0.941–0.988)

Body mass index (kg/m2)

24.8 ± 3.2

25.2 ± 3.2

      

Waist circumference (cm)

81.6 ± 9.6

82.1 ± 9.5

  

0.039*

0.978 (0.957–0.999)

0.006*

0.977 (0.960–0.993)

Hip circumference (cm)

93.4 ± 5.9

94.2 ± 5.7

  

0.014*

1.047 (1.009–1.086)

<0.001*

1.048 (1.022–1.076)

Regular exercise, n (%)

693 (23.5)

67 (24.5)

  

0.776

1.043 (0.780–1.394)

  

Alcohol consumption, n (%)

        

 Never

2088 (70.9)

197 (72.2)

  

Reference

  

 Former

74 (2.5)

10 (3.7)

  

0.375

1.336 (0.704–2.536)

  

 Current

785 (26.6)

66 (24.2)

  

0.615

0.929 (0.697–1.238)

  

Lifetime smoker, n (%)

        

 Never

2832 (96.1)

260 (95.2)

  

Reference

  

 Former

61 (2.1)

6 (2.2)

  

0.995

0.998 (0.441–2.256)

  

 Current

54 (1.8)

7 (2.6)

  

0.423

1.365 (0.638–2.921)

  

History of previous fracture, n (%)

80 (2.7)

8 (2.9)

  

0.803

0.913 (0.448–1.862)

  

Family history of osteoporosis or fracture, n (%)

154 (5.2)

21 (7.7)

  

0.029*

1.658 (1.052–2.612)

0.028*

1.658 (1.055–2.605)

Degenerative arthritis, n (%)

504 (17.1)

56 (20.5)

  

0.764

0.953 (0.694–1.308)

  

Rheumatoid arthritis, n (%)

219 (7.4)

34 (12.5)

  

0.020*

1.563 (1.073–2.278)

0.019*

1.552 (1.076–2.238)

Hypertension, n (%)

499 (16.9)

51 (18.7)

  

0.847

0.968 (0.698–1.342)

  

Diabetes mellitus, n (%)

165 (5.6)

16 (5.9)

  

0.860

0.955 (0.569–1.601)

  

Medications for osteoporosis, n (%)

141 (4.8)

25 (9.2)

  

0.004*

1.877 (1.225–2.876)

0.004*

1.856 (1.221–2.819)

Years since menopause (years)

7.0 ± 8.6

8.4 ± 8.7

  

0.821

0.997 (0.973–1.022)

  

Estrogen therapy, n (%)

104 (3.5)

11 (4.0)

  

0.771

0.912 (0.492–1.690)

  

Speed of sound in radius (m/s)

4195.9 ± 187.3

4162.4 ± 184.5

  

0.318

1.000 (0.999–1.000)

  

Speed of sound in tibia (m/s)

3859.1 ± 164.6

3832.1 ± 160.9

  

0.627

1.000 (0.999–1.001)

  
  1. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or number of participants (%)
  2. Crude univariate Cox regression model 1 did not control for any covariate
  3. Cox regression model 2 controlled for age, weight, height, waist circumference, hip circumference, regular exercise, alcohol consumption, lifetime smoker, history of fracture, family history of osteoporosis or fracture, degenerative arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, years since menopause, estrogen therapy, and quantitative ultrasound measurements at the radius and tibia
  4. Cox regression model 3 with backward stepwise elimination involved a threshold of p = 0.1
  5. Abbreviations: HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval
  6. *p < 0.05
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BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders

ISSN: 1471-2474

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