From: Prevalence of low back pain in emergency settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors | Sampling frame represent target population? | Random selection for sample or census? | Likelihood of nonresponse bias minimal? | Data collected directly from subjects? | Acceptable case definition? | Study Instrument has validity and reliability? | Same mode of data collection for all subjects? | Length of prevalence period appropriate? | Appropriate numerator and denominator? | Overall Risk Assessment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Angeletti | L | L | L | L | L | H | L | H | L | Mod |
Astete | L | L | L | L | L | H | L | L | L | Mod |
Cordell | L | L | L | L | L | H | L | H | L | Mod |
Dutch | L | L | L | L | H | H | L | L | L | Mod |
Fialho | L | L | L | L | L | H | L | H | L | Mod |
Hoppe | L | L | L | L | H | H | L | H | L | High |
Kaoa | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | Low |
Friedmana | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | Low |
Niskaa | L | L | L | L | L | H | L | L | L | Mod |
Lovegrove | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | Low |
Mapoure | L | L | L | L | L | H | L | H | L | Mod |
Marinos | L | L | L | L | H | H | L | L | L | Mod |
NHAMCS | L | L | L | L | L | H | L | L | L | Mod |
Owens | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | Low |
Philips | L | L | L | L | H | H | L | L | L | Mod |
Ross | L | L | L | L | H | H | L | L | L | Mod |
Silman | L | H | H | L | L | H | L | H | L | High |
Tcherny-Lessenot | H | H | H | L | H | H | L | H | L | High |
Thiruga-nasamban-damoorthy | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | H | L | Mod |
Waterman | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | Low |
Yan | L | L | L | L | H | H | L | H | L | High |