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Table 5 Multivariable ordinal logistic regressions with all psychological factors and pain intensities entered simultaneously as predictors of: 1) the number of pain sites among subjects reporting the same NPS at T1 and T2 (N = 1201), 2) the number of pain sites decreased among subjects that reported a higher number of pain sites at T1 (N = 909), and 3) the number of pain sites increased among subjects that a higher number of pain sites at T2 (N = 963)

From: Psychological predictors of change in the number of musculoskeletal pain sites among Norwegian employees: a prospective study

Sub-sample:

Employees reporting stable number of pain sites

(T1 NPS = T2 NPS)

Employees reporting decreased number of pain sites

(T1 NPS > T2 NPS)

Employees reporting increased number of pain sites

(T1 NPS < T2 NPS)

Outcome variable:

Number of pain sites

Number of pain sites decreased

Number of pain sites increased (spread)

T1 Predictor

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

Emotional exhaustion

1.00

[0.70–1.43]

0.94

[0.65–1.34]

0.99

[0.69–1.41]

Mental distress (HSCL)

0.88

[0.45–1.71]

0.57

[0.29–1.11]

1.16

[0.59–2.29]

Depression (single item)

1.07

[0.75–1.52]

0.74

[0.50–1.08]

0.69

[0.48–0.98] *

Anxiety (single item)

0.51

[0.29–0.88] *

0.63

[0.34–1.11]

1.48

[0.97–2.23]

Psychological well-being

“Had a lot of surplus”

1.23

[1.06–1.43] **

1.04

[0.89–1.21]

0.84

[0.73–0.97] *

“Felt down and sad”

1.08

[0.88–1.32]

1.19

[0.97–1.45]

1.01

[0.84–1.22]

Dispositional optimism

0.93

[0.72–1.20]

0.89

[0.68–1.17]

0.85

[0.66–1.09]

General self-efficacy

1.03

[0.76–1.38]

0.89

[0.65–1.21]

0.95

[0.72–1.25]

Job satisfaction

1.03

[0.82–1.30]

0.87

[0.68–1.13]

0.96

[0.75–1.22]

Sleep disturbance

1.06

[0.88–1.27]

0.97

[0.80–1.17]

1.24

[1.03–1.49] *

Tiredness

1.28

[1.00–1.64] *

1.09

[0.84–1.41]

0.94

[0.74–1.18]

Restlessness

1.58

[1.16–2.14] **

1.07

[0.78–1.46]

0.90

[0.68–1.19]

Pain intensity

Headache

0.92

[0.75–1.12]

0.93

[0.75–1.15]

1.14

[0.93–1.39]

Neck pain

5.33

[4.14–6.92] ***

0.61

[0.47–0.79] ***

0.80

[0.59–1.08]

Shoulder pain

6.78

[5.26–8.82] ***

0.89

[0.69–1.15]

0.75

[0.54–1.01]

Arm pain

6.33

[4.94–8.19] ***

0.89

[0.71–1.12]

1.02

[0.72–1.42]

Leg pain

6.85

[5.29–8.97] ***

0.85

[0.67–1.07]

0.79

[0.58–1.05]

Back pain

5.85

[4.61–7.48] ***

0.73

[0.58–0.92] **

0.70

[0.46–1.02]

Number of pain sites

-

-

3.11

[2.45–3.98] ***

0.86

[0.62–1.19]

  1. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001
  2. Note: The regressions with decrease and increase as outcome were adjusted for sex, age group, skill level, and T1 NPS