Table 1 Mean and standard deviation of peak joint angles, joint moments, and joint reaction forces while running without a load (0%) or with an additional load of 20% or 30% of body weight (BW) (N = 4)

Stance duration (%)

37.8 (1.1)

42.3 (2.5)

43.2 (1.8)

Ground reaction force (BW)

2.7 (0.4)

2.9 (0.3)

3.1 (0.4)

  Dorsiflexion

28.5 (2.2)

28.2 (1.7)

27.9 (1.5)

  Plantarflexion

27.4 (1.1)

22.9 (3.0)

17.9 (6.7)

  Flexion during stance phase

37.7 (4.5)

39.1 (5.2)

40.6 (7.9)

  Flexion during swing phase

92.0 (6.3)

89.5 (4.3)

90.7 (5.9)

 Flexion

33.8 (5.1)

41.3 (5.5)

45.8 (7.9)

 Extension

23.2 (3.5)

15.8 (7.3)

10.5 (14.8)

 Adduction

5.3 (2.0)

5.8 (0.9)

5.0 (1.9)

 External rotation

6.4 (2.4)

6.3 (3.5)

7.9 (2.7)

  Plantarflexion

3.4 (0.3)

3.6 (0.3)

3.7 (0.3)

  Flexion

0.7 (0.1)

0.8 (0.1)

0.7 (0.1)

  Extension

1.9 (0.7)

1.7 (0.7)

1.8 (0.5)

  Flexion

1.0 (0.1)

1.0 (0.2)

1.1 (0.3)

  Extension

1.6 (0.7)

2.1 (0.9)

2.6 (1.2)

 Ankle

12.6 (0.8)

13.1 (1.7)

13.2 (1.6)

 Knee

14.1 (2.3)

15.6 (2.9)

17.0 (3.0)

 Hip

10.8 (1.4)

14.4 (3.0)

16.1 (3.2)