Table 5 Inter-operative observations and histological findings
From: The pathophysiology associated with primary (idiopathic) frozen shoulder: A systematic review
Bunker [39] Arthroscopy +/− open release N = 35 | Uhthoff and Boileau [41] Arthroscopy N = 4 | Xu et al. [37] Arthroscopy N = 8 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Rotator interval | Appearance | Nodular thickening | No signs of inflammation | ---- |
Histology | ↑ Fibroplasia ↑ Cellularity ↑ Vascularity | ↑ Fibroplasia | ---- | |
Coraco-humeral ligament | Appearance | ---- | No signs of inflammation | ---- |
Histology | ---- | ↑ Fibroplasia ↑ Vascularity | ---- | |
Inferior glenohumeral ligament | Appearance | ---- | No signs of inflammation | ---- |
Histology | ---- | ---- | ---- | |
Joint capsule | Appearance | Fibrous contracture in RI area | Posterosuperior : No signs of inflammation Inferior: No signs of inflammation | Above subscapularis tendon: Thickened |
Histology | ↑ Vascularity | ↑ Fibroplasia ↑ Vascularity | ↑ Fibroplasia ↑ Vascularity Neoangiogenesis | |
Synovium | Appearance | Between subscapularis bursa and RI: 4/35 Scarred. | RI: Villous CHL: No villi Posterosuperior: Very villous Inferior: No villi AF: Very villous | ---- |
Histology | 31/35 Abnormal villous fronding. 31/35 ↑ Vascularity | RI: ↑ Vascularity Posterosuperior: ↑ Vascularity AF: ↑ Vascularity | ---- | |
Subscapularis bursa | Appearance | “Consistent abnormalities” | ---- | ---- |
Histology | ---- | ---- | ---- | |
Axillary fold | Appearance | ---- | No signs of inflammation. | ---- |
Histology | ---- | ↑ Vascularity | ---- | |