| Participation at six months | Participation at 12 months | Participation at 24 months | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Yesa (n = 301) | No (n = 151) | P | Yesa (n = 271) | No (n = 181) | P | Yesa (n = 230) | No (n = 222) | p |
Age (years), Mean (SD) | 41.2 (16.5) | 36.5 (17.8) | 0.006 | 41.8 (16.9) | 36.5 (16.8) | 0.001 | 42.7 (16.6) | 36.5 (17.1) | <0.001 |
Marital status, No. (%) | Â | Â | 0.001 | Â | Â | 0.068 | Â | Â | 0.002 |
 Single | 107 (35.7) | 80 (53.7) |  | 100 (37.3) | 87 (48.1) |  | 77 (33.9) | 110 (49.5) |  |
 Married/defacto | 162 (54.0) | 54 (36.2) |  | 140 (52.2) | 76 (42.0) |  | 127 (55.9) | 89 (40.1) |  |
 Divorced/widowed | 31 (10.3) | 15 (10.1) |  | 28 (10.4) | 18 (9.9) |  | 23 (10.1) | 23 (10.4) |  |
Occupation skill levelb, No. (%) | Â | Â | 0.029 | Â | Â | 0.180 | Â | Â | 0.023 |
 Home duties/retired | 22 (7.3) | 17 (11.3) |  | 22 (8.1) | 17 (9.4) |  | 19 (8.3) | 20 (9.0) |  |
 Managers/professionals | 71 (23.6) | 27 (17.9) |  | 66 (24.4) | 32 (17.7) |  | 60 (26.1) | 38 (17.1) |  |
 Tradespersons | 93 (30.9) | 33 (21.9) |  | 81 (29.9) | 45 (24.9) |  | 71 (30.9) | 55 (24.8) |  |
 Intermediate clerical | 43 (14.3) | 21 (13.9) |  | 35 (12.9) | 29 (16.0) |  | 27 (11.7) | 37 (16.7) |  |
 Elementary related | 72 (23.9) | 53 (35.1) |  | 67 (24.7) | 58 (32.0) |  | 53 (23.0) | 72 (32.4) |  |
Work status before injury (working), No. (%) | 233 (77.9) | 101 (66.9) | 0.011 | 210 (78.1) | 124 (68.5) | 0.023 | 182 (79.9) | 152 (68.5) | 0.006 |
Total yearly household incomecNo. (%) | Â | Â | 0.018 | Â | Â | 0.080 | Â | Â | 0.153 |
 ≤$39,999 | 68 (24.5) | 47 (35.1) |  | 64 (25.3) | 51 (32.3) |  | 52 (24.1) | 63 (32.3) |  |
 $40,000-$79,999 | 89 (32.1) | 47 (35.1) |  | 80 (31.6) | 56 (35.4) |  | 73 (33.8) | 63 (32.3) |  |
 ≥$80,000 | 120 (43.3) | 40 (29.9) |  | 109 (43.1) | 51 (32.3) |  | 91 (42.1) | 69 (35.4) |  |
Smoking history, No. (%) | Â | Â | <0.001 | Â | Â | 0.020 | Â | Â | 0.008 |
 Current smoker | 64 (21.3) | 61 (40.7) |  | 62 (23.0) | 63 (35.0) |  | 49 (21.4) | 76 (34.4) |  |
 Ex-smoker | 86 (28.7) | 33 (22.0) |  | 76 (28.1) | 43 (23.9) |  | 68 (29.7) | 51 (23.1) |  |
 Never smoked | 150 (50.0) | 56 (37.3) |  | 132 (48.9) | 74 (41.1) |  | 112 (48.9) | 94 (42.5) |  |
Medication use (current), No. (%) | 89 (29.7) | 32 (21.2) | 0.055 | 85 (31.5) | 36 (19.9) | 0.006 | 73 (31.9) | 48 (21.6) | 0.014 |
Recovery expectations for usual activitiesd (days), No. (%) | Â | Â | 0.072 | Â | Â | 0.899 | Â | Â | 0.367 |
 ≤90 | 184 (64.4) | 83 (59.7) |  | 155 (60.5) | 112 (66.7) |  | 131 (60.4) | 136 (65.7) |  |
 91-180 | 58 (20.4) | 36 (25.9) |  | 58 (22.7) | 36 (21.4) |  | 49 (22.6) | 45 (21.7) |  |
 181-365 | 34 (11.9) | 11 (7.9) |  | 34 (13.3) | 11 (6.5) |  | 31 (14.3) | 14 (6.8) |  |
 ≥366 | 9 (3.2) | 9 (6.5) |  | 9 (3.5) | 9 (5.4) |  | 6 (2.8) | 12 (5.8) |  |
Vehicle type, No. (%) | Â | Â | 0.002 | Â | Â | 0.006 | Â | Â | 0.005 |
 Motor vehicle | 169 (56.1) | 102 (67.5) |  | 155 (57.2) | 116 (64.1) |  | 129 (56.1) | 142 (64.0) |  |
 Motorcycle | 120 (39.9) | 37 (24.5) |  | 107 (39.5) | 50 (27.6) |  | 94 (40.9) | 63 (28.4) |  |
 Bicycle | 12 (4.0) | 12 (7.9) |  | 9 (3.3) | 15 (8.3) |  | 7 (3.0) | 17 (7.7) |  |