Table 1 Differential diagnoses of torticollis
From: Is surgery recommended in adults with neglected congenital muscular torticollis? A prospective study
Congenital: |
|---|
Muscular |
Vertebral anomalies; failure of formation, segmentation or both |
Ocular |
Acquired: |
Tumoral; eosinophilic granuloma, osteoma/osteoblatoma |
Traumatic; C1 fracture |
Inflammatory; Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, respiratory tract infection, cervical adenitis |
Hysterical |
Paroxysmal torticollis of infancy |
Associated with ligamentous laxity; Down syndrome |