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Table 4 Dose-response analysis of LBP in relation the categorical predictor variables based on multivariate logistic regression including all variables (age, sex, smoking, alcohol consumption and BMI). Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals for LBP. Statistically significant findings indicated in bold.

From: Are lifestyle-factors in adolescence predictors for adult low back pain? A cross-sectional and prospective study of young twins

  

1994 LBP >30 days past year.

n = 588

2002 LBP >30 days past year.

n = 636

2002 OR for LBP > 30 days past year in incidence cases*.

n = 314

Smoking

0 cig./day

1.00

1.00

1.00

 

1–10 cig./day

1.38 (1.02–1.88)

1.60 (1.16–2.20)

1.76 (1.10–2.82)

 

11–20 cig./day

2.00 (1.53–2.63)

2.13 (1.57–2.88)

2.12 (1.30–3.46)

 

>20 cig./day

6.38 (2.66–15.35)

4.00 (1.11–14.48)

-

Alcohol consumption

<0.2 units/day

1.00

1.00

1.00

 

0.2–0.6 units/day

1.29 (1.00–1.65)

0.76 (0.59–0.97)

0.82 (0.57–1.18)

 

0.6–1.0 units/day

1.41 (1.02–1.93)

0.71 (0.51–0.98)

0.82 (0.49–1.38)

 

> 1.0 units/day

1.58 (1.14–2.19)

0.85 (0.60–1.20)

1.25 (0.76–2.06)

BMI

< 17 kg/m2

1.00

1.00

1.00

 

17–23.9 kg/m2

1.00 (0.62–1.59)

1.00 (0.73–1.38)

0.91 (0.65–1.29)

 

24–28.9 kg/m2

1.41 (0.82–2.43)

1.10 (0.72–1.69)

1.21 (0.70–2.09)

 

= 29 kg/m2

1.01 (0.41–2.49)

1.26 (0.61–2.61)

1.33 (0.45–3.94)

  1. * No LBP in 1994.