Table 1 Exclusion and inclusion criteria

• Subjects currently experiencing pain or symptoms on the tested side

• Previous surgery on tested side, including the cervical spine, shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand

• Subjects who did not have pain-free-full range of movement of the cervical spine or shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand joints bilaterally

• Any known structural abnormality of the upper limb

• Previous history of lateral elbow symptoms

• Associated diagnosed neck disorders, lesions including those of the cervical spine and brachial plexus

• History of known neurological disorders of the tested extremity

• More than 3 corticosteroid injections in the last 3 months

• Other joint involvement, like arthritis or already recognized metabolic bone disease

• Associated shoulder disorders, previous trauma with fracture

• Associated wrist disorders or previous trauma of the cervical spine, shoulders, elbows or wrist, bilaterally.

• Subjects older than 55 years to reduce likelihood of significant degenerative changes.

• Subjects with any known arthrogenic, muscular or neurogenic dysfunctions in the cervical spine area which, on provocative physical testing, gave positive signs and/or pain into the arm.

Summary of exclusion criteria: All the volunteers were screened to be fully asymptomatic and to have a pain-free and complete range of bilateral movement in the cervical spine, shoulders, elbows and wrist and did not match the exclusion criteria.

• Subjects assessed to be asymptomatic

• Subjects’ consent to participation by signing the consent form

• No present exclusion criteria at the time of testing