Table 2 Coding of individual variables in the frailty index and their odds ratios of falls during the third year of follow-up
Variables | Coding | Falls | |
|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI, P-value)a | n (%)b | ||
Co-morbidities (n = 15) | |||
Taking/taken five or more medicationsc | Yes = 1, no = 0 | 1.30 (1.07-1.59) 0.008 | 607 (15.23) |
Has chronic bronchitis or emphysemac | Yes = 1, no = 0 | 1.40 (1.08-1.81) 0.012 | 307 (7.93) |
Has osteoarthritis or degenerative joint diseasec | Yes = 1, no = 0 | 1.53 (1.32-1.78) <0.001 | 1,354 (35.05) |
Has rheumatoid arthritisc | Yes = 1, no = 0 | 1.45 (1.16-1.81) <0.001 | 447 (11.57) |
Suffers from strokec | Yes = 1, no = 0 | 2.16 (1.55-3.00) <0.001 | 193 (4.92) |
Has ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s diseasec | Yes = 1, no = 0 | 2.08 (1.32-3.28) 0.002 | 82 (2.09) |
Has celiac diseasec | Yes = 1, no = 0 | 1.20 (0.50-2.88) 0.683 | 25 (0.64) |
Has Parkinson’s diseasec | Yes = 1, no = 0 | 3.09 (0.98-9.74) 0.054 | 18 (0.46) |
Has multiple sclerosisc | Yes = 1, no = 0 | 1.28 (0.52-3.17) 0.596 | 22 (0.56) |
Has cancerc | Yes = 1, no = 0 | 1.06 (0.86-1.32) 0.570 | 502 (12.77) |
Has diabetes (type-1)c | Yes = 1, no = 0 | 1.44 (1.00-2.08) 0.053 | 165 (4.22) |
Has hypertensionc | Yes = 1, no = 0 | 1.14 (0.99-1.32) 0.077 | 2,025 (51.63) |
Has heart diseasec | Yes = 1, no = 0 | 1.52 (1.25-1.86) <0.001 | 623 (16.01) |
Has high cholesterolc | Yes = 1, no = 0 | 1.15 (1.00-1.33) 0.050 | 1,752 (45.03) |
Self rating of healthd | Excellent = 0, very good = 0.25, good = 0.5, fair = 0.75, poor = 1 | 2.77 (1.99-3.86) <0.001 | 73 (1.85) |
Activities of daily living (ADL) (n = 12) | |||
Limitations in vigorous activitiesc | Yes = 1, a little = 0.5, no = 0 | 1.67 (1.37-2.05) <0.001 | 1,735 (45.49) |
Limitations in moderate activitiesd | Yes = 1, a little = 0.5, no = 0 | 2.04 (1.65-2.52) <0.001 | 569 (14.59) |
Limitations in lifting or carrying groceriesd | Yes = 1, a little = 0.5, no = 0 | 2.01 (1.61-2.52) <0.001 | 416 (10.62) |
Limitations in climbing one flight of stairsd | Yes = 1, a little = 0.5, no = 0 | 2.22 (1.76-2.80) <0.001 | 374 (9.69) |
Limitations bending, kneeling or stoopingd | Yes = 1, a little = 0.5, no = 0 | 2.02 (1.66-2.46) <0.001 | 781 (20.12) |
Limitations walking one hundred yardsd | Yes = 1, a little = 0.5, no = 0 | 1.97 (1.56-2.48) <0.001 | 378 (9.88) |
Limitations in bathing or dressing yourselfd | Yes = 1, a little = 0.5, no = 0 | 1.88 (1.37-2.59) <0.001 | 154 (3.93) |
Needs arms to help stand up from a chaird | Yes = 1, no = 0 | 1.83 (1.57-2.13) <0.001 | 1,495 (37.98) |
Number of days to walk at least 20 minutes in the past 30 daysd | ≤2 days = 1, >2 days = 0 | 1.21 (1.02-1.43) 0.025 | 1,081 (27.50) |
Self rating of mobilityd | Unable = 1, some problem = 0.5, no problem = 0 | 3.05 (2.22-4.18) <0.001 | 1 (0.03) |
Self rating of self-cared | Unable = 1, some problem = 0.5, no problem = 0 | 6.83 (3.75-12.43) <0.001 | 4 (0.10) |
Self rating of usual activitiesd | Unable = 1, some problem = 0.5, no problem = 0 | 3.60 (2.68-4.84) <0.001 | 56 (1.41) |
Symptoms and sig ns (n = 6) | |||
Feels full of lifed | All the time = 0, most of time = 0.25, some time = 0.5, a little time = 0.75, none of time = 1 | 3.61 (2.66-4.89) <0.001 | 228 (5.84) |
Has a lot of energyd | All the time = 0, most of time = 0.25, some time = 0.5, a little time = 0.75, none of time = 1 | 3.91 (2.88-5.31) <0.001 | 263 (6.73) |
Feels worn outd | All the time = 1, most of time = 0.75, some time = 0.5, a little time = 0.25, none of time = 0 | 3.73 (2.73-5.09) <0.001 | 123 (3.15) |
Feels tiredd | All the time = 1, most of time = 0.75, some time = 0.5, a little time = 0.25, none of time = 0 | 4.14 (2.98-5.76) <0.001 | 173 (4.40) |
Self rating of pain/discomfortd | Extremely = 1, moderate = 0.5, no = 0 | 3.22 (2.43-4.28) <0.001 | 242 (6.15) |
Unintentional weight loss of 10 poundsc | Yes = 1, no = 0 | 1.42 (1.12-1.80) 0.004 | 433 (11.01) |
Healthcare utilization (n = 1) | |||
Times of visiting a healthcare provider to get medical care in the past yearc | None = 0, 1–2 times = 0.33, 3–5 times = 0.67, 6 or more times = 1 | 1.39 (1.28-1.51) <0.001 | 842 (21.43) |