Multidimensional associative factors for improvement in pain, function, and working capacity after rehabilitation of whiplash associated disorder: a prognostic, prospective outcome study

Table 2 Multivariate regression of change in pain, function, and working capacity at the 6 month follow up (n = 103)

			Bivariate	Multivariate
Covariate			Correlation	Partial correlation	Explained variance	F change	Regression coefficient	Coefficient’s significance
Pain relief: NASS pain (explained variance: 72.1%)
Constant							-8.114	0.269
NASS	Pain	Baseline	-0.595	-0.734	35.5%	53.570	-0.860	<0.001
NASS	Function	Change	0.508	0.464	14.8%	28.776	0.615	<0.001
NASS	Function	Baseline	0.052	0.509	13.8%	36.854	0.665	<0.001
HADS	Anxiety	Baseline	-0.109	-0.311	2.6%	7.243	-0.257	0.008
Sports		Baseline	0.149	0.197	1.5%	4.692	2.510	0.033
Working capacity		Baseline	0.328	0.253	1.5%	4.608	0.200	0.034
CSQ	Catastrophizing	Change	0.348	0.260	1.5%	4.378	0.232	0.039
Smoking			-0.125	-0.193	1.1%	3.519	-5.684	0.064
Functional improvement: SF-36 physical functioning (explained variance: 63.4%)
Constant							30.492	<0.001
HADS	Depression	Change	0.453	0.461	20.5%	24.976	0.361	<0.001
SF-36	Physical function	Baseline	-0.436	-0.689	19.3%	30.779	-0.622	<0.001
HADS	Depression	Baseline	0.028	0.368	12.2%	24.163	0.250	<0.001
SF-36	Bodily pain	Change	0.445	0.431	6.6%	14.929	0.303	<0.001
SF-36	Bodily pain	Baseline	-0.084	0.228	2.3%	5.356	0.202	0.023
Age			-0.148	-0.209	1.4%	3.475	-0.194	0.065
Sports		Baseline	-0.046	0.173	1.1%	2.822	1.756	0.096
Working capacity improvement (explained variance: 58.2%)
Constant							-0.358
Working capacity		Baseline	-0.526	-0.686	27.7%	37.166	-0.881	<0.001
NASS	Pain	Change	0.335	0.538	13.7%	22.493	0.400	<0.001
CSQ	Catastrophizing	Baseline	0.173	0.243	5.7%	10.142	0.186	0.002
Sports		Baseline	-0.054	-0.291	3.7%	7.848	-3.668	0.006
NASS	Pain	Baseline	-0.049	0.208	3.3%	6.195	0.186	0.015
SF-36	Physical function	Baseline	0.159	0.282	2.3%	4.600	0.227	0.035
Comorbidities			-0.063	-0.202	1.8%	3.863	-2.184	0.052

Legend: NASS: North American Spine Society cervical spine self-assessment instrument. CSQ: Coping Strategies Questionnaire. SF-36: Short Form 36. HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Admission: baseline score, Change: Change of the score between baseline and follow-up.

ISSN: 1471-2474