Independent associations of socioeconomic factors with disability and pain in adults with knee osteoarthritis

Table 2 Associations ^‡ between SES variables and WOMAC ^¶ outcomes among participants with knee rOA (n = 782).

Effect	WOMAC^¶ Function β^‡(95% CI)	WOMAC^¶ Pain β^‡(95% CI)	WOMAC^¶ Stiffness β^‡(95% CI)	WOMAC^¶ Total β^‡(95% CI)
Individual SES models
<12 yrs education^¥	3.57 (1.25,5.90)**	0.67 (-0.02,1.37)	0.31 (0.00,0.62)	4.56 (1.41,7.70)**
Non-managerial occupation^†	2.91 (0.68,5.14)*	0.93 (0.26,1.59)**	0.21 (-0.09,0.51)	4.05 (1.04,7.05)**
Poverty rate 12-25%^§	1.76 (-0.70,4.23)	0.32 (-0.42,1.05)	0.13 (-0.20,0.46)	2.21 (-1.10,5.54)
Poverty rate >25%^§	3.18 (-0.03,6.39)	0.87 (-0.09,1.83)	0.22 (-0.21,0.65)	4.27 (-0.06,8.60)
Mutually ^€ adjusted SES models
<12 yrs education^¥	2.83 (0.38,5.28)*	0.39 (-0.34,1.12)	0.26 (-0.07,0.59)	3.48 (0.18,6.78)*
Non-managerial occupation^†	1.96 (-0.39,4.30)	0.78 (0.08,1.48)*	0.12 (-0.19,0.44)	2.86 (-0.30,6.02)
Poverty rate 12-25%^§	1.68 (-0.77,4.13)	0.30 (-0.44,1.03)	0.12 (-0.21,0.45)	2.11 (-1.20,5.42)
Poverty rate >25%^§	2.81 (-0.38,6.01)	0.77 (-0.19,1.73)	0.19 (-0.24,0.63)	3.78 (-0.54,8.09)

^‡Adjusted for age, gender, race, body mass index, hip pain, number of comorbidities and occupational and physical activity score (PAS).
^¶WOMAC = Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Index of Osteoarthritis questionnaire.
^¥Referent = 12 years or more education.
^†Referent = managerial occupation.
^§Referent = poverty rate <12%.
*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01.
^€All SES measures included in the same model.

ISSN: 1471-2474