Lifestyle factors and site-specific risk of hip fracture in community dwelling older women – a 13-year prospective population-based cohort study

Table 2 Cox regression models for having any hip fractures, cervical fractures, and trochanteric fractures in a population-based sample of older women

	β	SE	HR	95% CI for HR	Covariate p-value
Any hip fractures ^a)
Age / 1 year increment	0.257	0.113	1.29	1.04 - 1.61	0.022
BMI / 1 unit increment	−0.144	0.034	0.87	0.81 - 0.93	< 0.001
TUG ≥ 11 s vs. less (referent)	1.201	0.258	3.32	2.01 - 5.51	< 0.001
Low physical activity vs. moderate to high (referent)	0.697	0.259	2.01	1.21 - 3.34	0.007
Hypertension vs. none (referent)	−0.627	0.306	0.53	0.29 - 0.97	0.040
Cervical fractures ^b)
BMI / 1 unit increment	−0.119	0.042	0.89	0.82 - 0.96	0.004
TUG ≥ 11 s vs. less (referent)	1.226	0.333	3.41	1.77 - 6.55	< 0.001
Low physical activity vs. moderate to high (referent)	0.910	0.344	2.48	1.27 - 4.87	0.008
Hypertension vs. none (referent)	−1.030	0.426	0.36	0.16 - 0.82	0.016
Coffee consumption > 3 cups / day vs. less (referent)	−0.944	0.358	0.39	0.19 - 0.79	0.008
Trochanteric fractures ^c)
Age / 1 year increment	0.636	0.183	1.89	1.32 - 2.70	0.001
BMI / 1 unit increment	−0.186	0.051	0.83	0.75 - 0.92	< 0.001
TUG ≥ 11 s vs. less (referent)	1.664	0.393	5.28	2.45 - 11.41	< 0.001
Daily smoking vs. no (referent)	1.165	0.543	3.21	1.11 - 9.29	0.032

Hazard ratios (HR) are calculated compared to the no fracture group. In the cervical fracture model, age was also added as a covariate but was not included in the final model. β = regression coefficient, SE = standard error of β, CI = confidence interval, BMI = body mass index, TUG = “Timed Up & Go” test. Due to missing values, the number of subjects were ^a) Fx n = 66, NF n = 775, ^b) Fx n = 39, NF n = 740, and ^c) Fx n = 31, NF n = 856.

ISSN: 1471-2474