From: Systematic review with meta-analysis: cytokines in fibromyalgia syndrome
Author, yr. Diagnosis criteria | N patients/controls | a) Material b) Methods c) Investigated targets | Results | Modified CEBM level | NOS | W-MeQS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hader, 1991 Smythe | 12/10 | a) CD4+ T-lymphocytes from PBMC b) T-cell culture; stimulation experiments with mitogens and measurement of IL-2 secretion c) IL-2 | FMS: higher concentration of mitogen was necessary to achieve optimal IL-2 secretion; peak time of IL-2 secretion was delayed. Addition of calcium did not correct the reduction in IL-2 secretion in patients with FMS; addition of phorbole myristate acetate led to normal IL-2 secretion. | 3d | 2 | 0.4 |
Barth, 1999 Wolfe, 1985 | 12 FMS/6 rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis controls/6 controls | a) supernatant of PBMC b) self established double sandwich ELISA; c) IL-4; IL-2; INFγ; GM-CSF; IL-5, IL-10 | In vitro stimulation of PBMC with different L-tryptophan preparations: 6/12 FMS patients, 2/12 controls: IL-5 and IL-10 production | 3d | 4 | 0.1 |
Maes, 1999 ACR | 21/33 | a) serum B) ELISA c) IL-6, sIL-6 R, sIL-1R, IL-1RA | In FMS compared to controls: IL-6↔ sIL-6R ⇑ sIL-1R ⇑ IL-1RA ⇑ | 3d | 2 | 0.3 |
Pay. 2000 ACR | 25 FMS/25 chronic musculoskeletal complaints/25 controls | a) serum b) ELISA c) IL-1β, TNF, IL-6 | No difference for pro-inflammatory cytokines in FMS and controls. | 3d | 3 | 0.4 |
Wallace, 2001 ACR | 56/56 Serum, PBMC | a) serum, PBMC, plasma b) ELISA c) IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, sIL-2R, IL-1RA, IFNγ, TNF | In FMS compared to controls: IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, sIL-2R, IFNγ, TNF: ↔ in sera +PBMC IL-1RA: ⇑ in serum IL-8: ⇑ in plasma IL-1 RA, IL-6: ⇑ in PBMC IL-6: ⇑ in PBMC of patients with disease duration > 2 years. | 3d | 3 | 0.5 |
Gür, 2002 ACR | 81/32 | a) serum b) ELISA c) IL-1, IL-2R, IL-6, IL-8 | In FMS compared to controls: IL-1 ↔ IL-2 R ⇑ IL-6 ↔ IL-8 ⇑ | 3d | 2 | 0.4 |
Schwarz, 2002 ACR | 17/17 | a) serum b) ELISA c) IL-6 | IL-6 ⇑ during tryptophan depletion in FMS | 3d | 4 | 0.3 |
Amel Kashipaz, 2003 ACR | 22 FMS/CFS/19 | a) PBMC b) intracellular cytokine stain; flow cytometry c) IL-1α, IL-6, IL-10, TNF | In FMS compared to controls: IL-1α ↔ IL-6 ↔ IL-10 ↔ TNF ↔ | 3d | 2 | 0.7 |
Salemi, 2003 ACR | 53/10 | a) skin biopsy b) RT-PCR, IHC c) IL-1β, IL-6, TNF | Detectable cytokines in FMS: IL-1β (19/50) IL-6 (14/51) TNF (17/53) None of the cytokines could be detected in control skin. | 3d | 2 | 0.7 |
Ardic, 2006 ACR | 21/10 | a) serum b) ELISA c) IL-1 (after balneo therapy) | After balneo therapy: IL-1↓ in FMS | 3d | 3 | 0.2 |
Üçeyler, 2006 ACR | 26/40 | a) serum; whole blood b) qRT-PCR; ELISA c) IL-2, IL-4, IL-8, IL-10, TNF, TGF-β1 | In FMS compared to controls: IL-2 ↔ IL-4 ⇓ IL-8 ↔ IL-10 ⇓ TGF-β1 ↔ TNF ↔ | 3d | 4 | 0.8 |
Bazzichi, 2007 ACR | 285/40 (16 rheumatoid arthritis cases, two Sjögren's syndrome cases, 16 systemic lupus erythematosus cases, four systemic sclerosis cases, two undifferentiated connective- tissue disease cases)/100 | a) serum, plasma b) ELISA c) IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNFα | No intergroup difference for cytokines. | 3d | 3 | 0.2 |
Bazzichi, 2007 ACR | 80/45 | a) plasma b) ELISA c) IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF | IL-10, IL-8, TNF: FMS > controls | 3c | 3 | 0.9 |
Macedo, 2007 ACR | 18/22 | a) PBMC b) automated biochip array; before and after 1.5 mg of dexamethasone per os c) IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IFNγ, TNF | After dexamethasone: reduction of cytokines FMS > controls. | 3d | 2 | 0.4 |
Kaufmann, 2007 ACR | 22/15 CRPS/37 | a) T-cells b) FACS analysis c) IL-2, IFNγ, IL-4, IL-10 | No difference in percentage of cytokine producing cells between FMS and controls. | 3d | 2 | 0.6 |
Togo, 2008 ACR | 7/9 | a) plasma b) Beadlyte multi-cytokine assay c) IL-10, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1, TNF | No difference between groups. "FM patients showed a shift to increased IL-10 in the nighttime compared to controls." | 3d | 2 | 0.8 |
Wang, 2008 ACR | 20/80 | a) serum b) Bio-Plex cytokine assay c) IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-4, TNF | At baseline: IL-8 in FMS > controls; no difference for other cytokines. | 3d | 4 | 0.4 |
Zhang, 2008 ACR | 92/69 family members/62 anonymous blood samples from blood bank | a) plasma b) Cytokine Twenty-Five-Plex Antibody Bead Kit c) MCP-1, Eotaxin, IP-10, IL-13, IL-5, IL-10, IL-1b, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-12, IL-15, IL-17, TNF, IFNa, IFNg, GM-CSF, MIG, MIP-1a, MIP-1b, IL-1ra, IL-2r | Eotaxin and MIP: FMS > controls | 3d | 3 | 0.5 |
Feng, 2009 ACR | 100 FMS patients and family members/35 unaffected parents | a) plasma b) Cytokine Twenty-Five-Plex Antibody Bead Kit c) Eotaxin, MIP.1a, MCP-1, IP10, IL-12, IL-1β | Rare missense variants of the MEFV gene are associated with risk of FMS and are present in a subset of 15% of FMS patients. This subset had, on average, high levels of plasma IL-1b compared to FMS patients without rare variants, unaffected family members with or without rare variants, and unrelated controls of unknown genotype. | 3d | 3 | 0.4 |
Blanco, 2010 ACR | 63/49 | a) skin b) immuno-histochemistry c) MCP-1, TNF | MCP-1: FMS < controls | 3c | 3 | 0.8 |
Blanco, 2010 ACR | 79/59 | a) plasma b) sandwich enzyme immunoassay kits c) IL-8, TNF, sTNF-RI, sTNF-RII, MCP-1 | Patients with FMS have lower systemic levels of MCP-2 than controls. | 3d | 3 | 0.4 |
Hernandez, 2010 ACR | 64/25 | a) serum b) ELISA c) TNF, IL-1, IL-6 | TNF: FMS < controls IL-1: not detectable in FMS IL-6: FMS > controls | 3c | 4 | 0.6 |
Iannucelli, 2010 ACR | 51/25 tension type headache/15 | a) serum b) multiplex bead-based sandwich immunoassay c) IL-1β, IL-1Rα, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, INFγ, TNF | FMS > controls: IL-1RA, IL-6, IL-10, TNF | 3d | 3 | 0.7 |
Ortega, 2010 ACR | 9/9 | a) PBMC b) ELISA c) IL-1β, TNF, IL-6, IL-10 | For all cytokines investigated: higher values at baseline in FMS compared to controls; after aquatic exercise levels as in controls. | 3d | 3 | 0.3 |
Ross, 2010 ACR | 24/none | a) serum b) bead-based immunofluorescence assay c) IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF | IL-6 and IL-8: FMS responders (i.e. GH response to exercise of ≥ 5 ng/mL) higher than FMS non-responders. For IL-1α vice versa. | 4 | 1 | 0.2 |