Lifestyle and metabolic factors in relation to shoulder pain and rotator cuff tendinitis: A population-based study

Table 3 Gender-specific odds ratios of chronic rotator cuff tendinitis by lifestyle and metabolic factors, Health 2000 Survey, 2000-2001

Characteristic	Men				Women
	Sample	% of outcome	OR	95% CI	Sample	% of outcome	OR	95% CI
Smoking status
Never smoker	537	2.4	1		1497	3.5	1
Former smoker	1014	3.5	1.3	0.7-2.3	621	3.1	1.0	0.5-1.8
Occasional smoker	171	1.2	0.6	0.1-2.5	160	0.7	0.3	0.1-2.0
Current smoker
< 10 pack-years	253	0.8	0.3	0.1-1.6	219	2.4	0.9	0.3-2.4
10-20 pack-years	154	0.6	0.3	0.1-2.3	178	3.6	1.4	0.6-3.2
> 20 pack-years	351	3.4	1.3	0.5-3.3	162	1.2	0.4	0.1-1.7
Exercise (times/week)
. ≤1	1183	2.2	1		1289	2.5	1
2-3	886	3.3	1.6	0.9-2.7	1062	2.5	1.1	0.6-1.9
. ≥4	706	2.5	1.0	0.5-1.9	898	3.1	1.2	0.7-2.0
Body mass index
Normal (18.5-24.9)	979	1.8	1		1509	2.4	1
Underweight (< 18.5)	13	0	-		45	1.4	0.6	0.1-4.6
Overweight (25.0-29.9)	1245	3.1	1.6	0.9-2.9	1020	2.9	1.0	0.6-1.7
Obese (≥ 30.0)	457	3.4	1.7	0.8-3.6	533	3.7	1.2	0.6-2.3
Waist circumference
Men: < 94.0 cm, Women: < 80 cm	1066	1.7	1		929	1.5	1
Men: 94.0-101.9 cm	810	3.8	2.0	1.1-3.5	811	3.0	1.6	0.8-3.5
Women: 80.0-87.9 cm
Men: ≥ 102.0 cm	943	2.9	1.4	0.8-2.4	1581	3.4	1.5	0.7-2.9
Women: ≥ 88.0 cm
Waist-to-hip ratio¹
Normal	328	1.0	1		614	2.5	1
Increased	1607	2.8	2.4	0.7-8.0	1875	2.3	0.7	0.4-1.4
High	884	3.1	2.4	0.7-8.4	831	3.8	0.9	0.5-1.8
Metabolic syndrome²
No	1970	2.4	1		2296	2.7	1
Yes	847	3.4	1.2	0.7-1.9	1037	2.9	0.7	0.4-1.1
Insulin resistance³
Mean, per each standard deviation increase	2821		1.0	0.9-1.1	3348		0.7	0.4-1.3
Diabetes
No	2666	2.5	1		3168	2.7	1
Type 1	22	9.4	4.7	1.1-20.3	13	0	-
Type 2	143	5.6	1.6	0.7-3.5	175	4.2	0.7	0.3-1.8
C-reactive protein
Low < 3 mg/L	2362	2.8	1		2722	2.5	1
High > 3 mg/L	441	2.6	0.8	0.4-1.6	589	3.9	1.3	0.8-2.2
Carotid intima-media thickness
Mean IMT, per each standard deviation (0.23 mm) increase	604		0.7	0.4-1.2	731		0.7	0.3 -1.3

Odds ratios were adjusted for age, education and physical work load factors (working with hands above the shoulder level for at least one hour per day, manual handling of loads heavier than 5 kg at least two times per minute for a minimum of two hours daily and manual handling of loads heavier than 20 kg for at least 10 times per day, working with a vibrating tool for at least two hours, work demanding high handgrip forces for at least one hour, and repetitive movements of the hands or wrists for at least two hours).
¹ In men: Normal < 0.9, increased 0.9-1.0 and obese > 1.0. In women: Normal < 0.8, increased 0.8-0.9 and obese > 0.9.
² Three of the following criteria present: 1) Central obesity, defined as waist circumference > 102 cm in men and > 88 cm in women; 2) triglycerides > 1.7 mmol/l; 3) HDL < 1.0 mmol/l in men and < 1.3 mmol/l in women; 4) systolic blood pressure > 130 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 85 mm Hg; and 5) fasting glucose ≥ 6.1 mmol/l.
³ HOMA-IR: Serum insulin pmol/l × glucose mmol/l/22.5

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