Early Surgical Intervention for Active Thoracic Spinal Tuberculosis with Paraparesis and Paraplegia

Weiwei Li Xiangya Hospital Central South University Zheng Liu Xiangya Hospital Central South University Xiao Xiao Xiangya Hospital Central South University Zhenchao Xu Xiangya Hospital Central South University Zhicheng Sun Xiangya Hospital Central South University Zhen Zhang Xiangya Hospital Central South University Xiyang Wang (  wqlwqwxy@163.com ) Xiangya Hospital Central South University Department of Spinal Surgery https://orcid.org/0000-00031942-7517

lumbar spine. Due to the narrow space of thoracic spinal canal and poor blood supply in the thoracic spinal cord, paralysis can easily occur in patients of thoracic spinal TB if treatment is not administered in a timely manner or if incorrect treatment is administered [5]. The purpose of active thoracic spinal TB surgery for patients with paraparesis and paraplegia is the removal of local lesions, relief from spinal cord compression, and reconstruction for normal and durable alignment of spine, while the time taken to decide on the surgical intervention to be used is an important factor for a successful operation, because hasty surgery may cause TB to spread, while a delay may result in paraparesis exacerbation or irreparable paraplegia [6].

Materials And Methods
Inclusion criteria were 1) Case of de nite spinal TB, de ned as the patients with con rmed positive MTB culture or typical TB caseous necrosis and granuloma; 2) Surgical intervention was carried out within three weeks of onset of paraparesis and paraplegia; 3) Follow-up period were more than 12 months.
Exclusion criteria were 1) Cases who have badly injured hepatic function; 2) Cases who can ambulate without the aid of stick; 3) Cases concurrent with other disorders which may impair the motor or sensational function of lower extremities; 4) Cases with systemic TB. From January 2008 to December 2014, a total of 118 consecutive patients with de nite spinal TB and concurrent neurological de cit were enrolled in this study. The patients included 75 males and 43 females, with an average age of 32.0 ± 9.9 years (14-63 years). The duration of neurological de cit ranged from 1 to 21 days, with a mean of 6.3 ± 4.9 days. Blood routine (BR), Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP) and T-cell spot test for TB infection were used for diagnosis. Pulmonary CT scan, sputum smear and culture were used to exclude active systematic TB patients. X-rays, CT scans and magnetic resonance (MR) of the affected spine area were examined to determine the location, severity and extent of the lesion. The lesion site distribution among the patients was as follows: 24 cases in the upper thoracic (T1-T4), 42 cases in the middle thoracic (T5-T9) and 52 cases in the thoracolumbar (T10-T12). 79 cases involved one diseased function spinal unit (FSU), 25 cases involved two FSUs, and 14 cases involved 3 or more FSUs.
The neurological status distribution among the patients using American Spinal Cord Injury Association (ASIA) evaluation system was as follows: 14 cases of grade A, 47 cases of grade B, and 57 cases of grade C. All patients presented with varying degrees of back pain, which lasted from 1 to 28 months, with an average of 8.1±5.3 months. 73 cases (61.9%) manifested typical TB toxic symptoms, such as low afternoon fever, night sweats and fatigue. All cases presented with paravertebral abscess, vertebral collapse and sequestra formation as observed in the CT scans. Spinal cord compression was observed in all cases and no abnormal signal intensity of the spinal cord was observed through the MRI examination. Con rmation of TB infection depended on postoperative typical histopathological presentation or MTB culture. The mean preoperative Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score was 5.3±1.7 (range, 3-7). The mean preoperative ESR and CRP value were 73.1±12.4 mm/h (range, 30-101 mm/h) and 82.4±15.6 (36-110 mg/L), respectively. The mean preoperative kyphotic Cobb's angle was 21.9º±4.6º (range, 8º-35º).
Surgical interventions were all administered within 3 weeks of paralysis. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Xiangya Hospital a liated to Central South University, and informed consent was obtained from all patients before undergoing the technique.

Preparation for surgery
All patients received standard quadruple anti-TB drug therapy (0.3 g of Isoniazid per day, 0.45 g of Rifampicin per day, 0.75 g of Pyrazinamide per day, 0.75 g of Ethambutol per day) combined with antibiotics of levo oxacin (0.4 g per day) and streptomycin (0.57 g per day). The duration of the anti-TB drug treatment was at least two weeks if neurological function did not deteriorate. However, if the neurological status was deteriorating, emergency surgery was carried out immediately. Anemia and hypoproteinemia were treated before surgery. Cefuroxime (intravenous drip, 1.5 g) or Cefazolin (intravenous drip, 1.5 g) was administered 30 minutes before surgery.

Procedure
One stage posterior spinal cord decompression, lesion removal, interbody fusion and pedicle xation, or posterior spinal cord decompression, pedicle xation combined with two stage anterior debridement and interbody fusion were chosen based on the location of the lesion and size of the paravertebral abscess.
The key technical steps for one stage posterior surgery were as follows: pedicle screws were placed in the normal vertebras, and the xation range included the diseased area and 1-2 upper and lower normal FSUs; laminectomy and pedicle resection were executed for facilitating spinal cord decompression and removal of necrotic discs, caseous abscess and sequestra. The paravertebral abscesses in the unseen view was ushed and drained using a catheter. An iliac allograft was placed in the intervertebral space, and the autogenous bone fragments from normal spinous processes and laminas were used for interbody fusion of the remaining intervertebral space. The key technical steps for posterior spinal cord decompression, pedicle xation combined with two stage anterior debridement and interbody fusion were as follows: the key techniques for the posterior approach were similar to that of the single posterior surgery mentioned above, without the pedicle resection and interbody grafts. The two stage anterior approach was implemented one week after the posterior approach. Single lung ventilation was used during operation, and the lesion was accessed via extrapleural or transthoracic approach. An iliac allograft block was placed in the intervertebral space after complete debridement, and closed chest drainage was conducted at the end of the surgery. Fig.1 and 2 Postoperative care Temperature and lower extremity movement were closely monitored. The same anti-infection protocol was used for 24-48 hours. The drainage tube was removed after the volume of drainage was less than 20 ml/24 h. Mild activity out of bed was advocated under the protection of a thoracolumbar brace after drainage removal. Physical activity was gradually increased and the brace support was used for at least 3 months. The rst 4 postoperative weeks of anti-TB protocol after operation were the same as preoperative anti-TB protocol. The subsequent anti-TB scheme used was standard quadruple anti-TB drugs therapy and the duration was 12 to 18 months.

Follow-ups and e cacy evaluative indexes
Follow-up visits were mainly conducted at outpatient clinics. The follow-up indices included operation duration, intraoperative blood loss, perioperative complication rate, symptoms (TB toxic symptoms and VAS score for back pain), neurological status (ASIA grade), clinical lab index (ESR and CRP), kyphotic Cobb's angle and time of bone graft fusion. The follow-up interval was 3 months within the rst year after operation, 6 months within the second year after operation and one year from the second year after operation.

Results
All patients were followed up for at least 12 months, with an average of 28.0 ± 10.0 months (range, 12-60 months). No perioperative TB systematic dissemination and mortality were observed in any of the patients during the hospitalization and subsequent follow-up period. All surgeries were carried out successfully without intraoperative iatrogenic neural and vascular injury. 92 cases underwent one stage posterior surgery and 26 cases underwent posterior decompression and xation combined with two stage anterior debridement and interbody fusion. Two cases which underwent a revision surgery of anterior debridement because of the long existence of paravertebral abscess after a single posterior approach (2/92, 2.2%), while all other cases healed smoothly during a single stage. The mean duration of surgery was 194.2 ± 48.2 min (range, 120-360 min) and the mean blood loss was 871.2 ± 161.2 ml (range, 600-grade D, 38 cases of ASIA grade B rose to grade E; all cases of ASIA grade C rose to ASIA grade E. The full recovery rate for paraplegia (ASIA grade A) was 14.3%, and the full recovery rate for paraparesis (ASIA grade B, C and D) was 91.3%. The difference of full neurological function recovery rate between patients of paraparesis and paraplegia was signi cant (P 0.05). The value of ESR and CRP was 74.8±10.8 mm/h and 83.6±13.4 mg/L after operation, insigni cantly higher than the corresponding preoperative indexes (P 0.05), and decreased gradually to the normal level within 6 months, mean ESR and CRP values at the nal follow up were 11.5 ± 1.8 mm/h and 2.6 ± 0.82 mg/L, respectively, signi cantly lower than the corresponding preoperative indexes (P 0.05). Postoperatively, kyphotic Cobb's angle 6.5º±2.1º (range, 0º-12º) was found to have been signi cantly corrected (P 0.05), compared with the preoperative status and correction had not lost during the follow-up period (P 0.05). The mean duration of bone graft fusion was 8.6±1.3 months (range, 6-14 months). (Table 1, 2, 3).

Discussion
Paraparesis and paraplegia is the most serious complication of spinal TB, mainly due to direct mechanical spinal cord compression as a result of an expanding abscess, caseous necrotic material, TB granulation tissue and bony elements [7]. Other mechanisms, such as instability, meningitis, infective thrombosis of spinal vessels and some adverse changes in the spinal cord have also been implicated for the worsening of neurological status [8]. The classi cation for paraparesis and paraplegia in spinal TB includes early onset paraparesis and paraplegia (active spinal TB) and late onset paraparesis and paraplegia (healed spinal TB), as proposed by Hodgson et al. [9]. Early onset paraparesis and paraplegia for spinal TB is mainly caused by soft pressure (pus, caseous necrotic tissue and tuberculous granuloma) of the spinal cord resulting in slow, continuous and gradual compression. Late onset paraparesis and paraplegia for spinal TB is mainly caused by rigid pressure (kyphotic bone ridge, granulomatous scar and contracture) [10]. All cases included in our series are early onset paraparesis and paraplegia patients, as determined through radiological presentation and operation ndings, with the materials which caused spinal cord compression in our series mainly being soft materials, such as uid pus, proliferous granuloma and osteolytic bony destruction. Therefore, this nding is consistent with that of previous literature reports. Due to the short period of spinal cord disturbance, no signals of spinal cord denaturation, necrosis and malacia were detected through MR examination. However, epidural adhesion was identi ed in most patients, resulting in a higher rate of dural tears and cerebrospinal uid leak.
Paraparesis and paraplegia as a result of spinal TB can be cured or improved. Some scholars have suggested that early onset paraparesis and paraplegia can be cured through conservative anti-TB drugs management because the spinal cord pressure is soft and is easily absorbed under effective anti-TB drugs treatment [11]. However, many experts deemed that irreparable damage to neurological impairment may occur as a result of long periods of anti-TB drug conservative treatment. Therefore, surgical intervention needs to be administered only when suitable [12,13]. The principle of surgical intervention is to effectively and safely relieve neural pressure, maximizing the decrease of the infectious burden, and reconstructing spinal stability, while minimizing damage to the physical body. Until now, the timing of surgical intervention suitable for paraparesis and paraplegia of spinal TB has been disputed [14]. Batirel et al. [15] believed that paraplegia caused by spinal TB is a slowly developing process, and a short delay in surgical decompression may not change the nal level of recovery of neurological function. Wang et al. [16] and Chandra et al. [17] considered a period of 2-4 weeks of normal quadruple anti-TB drug treatment before operation is advocated, but stated that emergency operation is needed as neurological impairment progresses. Zhang et al. [18] stated that surgery can be performed after a signi cant decrease of ESR and CRP has been observed. Jia et al. [19] conducted a study of comparison of early (<4 weeks) and non-early surgery (≥ 4 weeks) for the therapy of spinal TB with neurological de cit, they found early surgical management is recommended because of superior improvement of neurological status in the early surgery group.For our series, early operation was de ned as operation carried out within 3 weeks of paraparesis and paraplegia. We found signi cant neurological function improvement together with other positive indexes after early surgery.
This study sample included 104 cases of paraparesis, of which 95 cases (91.3%) fully recovered, and 14 cases of paraplegia, of which only 2 cases (14.3%) fully recovered. The cure rate of paraparesis was signi cantly higher than that of paraplegia. Some experts have been concerned that early surgical intervention may lead to systemic TB dissemination. In our series, insigni cant elevation of ESR and CRP values were transiently observed after surgery, and no cases of disseminated TB were observed during the hospitalization period and subsequent follow up. Anterior approach is commonly used in spinal TB and has some merit for debridement and interbody fusion; however, it is less accessible for spinal canal decompression according to some authors including us [20]. Li et al. [21] reported that effect of single anterior debridement decompression, autogenous rib grafts, and instrumentation are good for spinal TB. Varatharajah et al. [22] reported that anterior surgery is bene cial for debridement and kyphosis correction, but results in low maintainability of kyphosis correction. A single posterior approach is mainly used for treating spinal degenerative diseases.
In recent years, many scholars have reported of successful results from single posterior surgery for spinal TB. For patients with spinal TB and paraparesis or paraplegia, spinal cord decompression is more accessible through a posterior approach, thus the single posterior approach is a suitable choice for cases of spinal TB and paraparessis or paraplegia with small prevertebral abscesses [23]. Ukunda et al. [24] found that the posterior-only surgical approach is advantageous for kyphosis correction and disability improvement. Zhang et al. [25] reported that posterior debridement, xation and interbody fusion are safe and effective methods for patients with upper thoracic spinal TB. In our series, most cases (78%) received a single posterior approach and the relapse rate was very low (2.2%). Therefore, the therapeutic effect of the single posterior approach for spinal TB paraparesis and paraplegia was found to be excellent. For cases with large prevertebral abscesses, the procedure of posterior decompression and xation combined with two stage anterior debridement and interbody fusion was chosen, and no cases of relapse were reported during the follow-up period. Therefore, we believe that a preoperative CT scan or MRI is essential for choosing the appropriate method of surgery. Additionally, we considered that a postoperative CT scan or MRI is also important for deciding whether two stage anterior surgery is necessary or not. If the paravertebral pus has not been cleared and drained well after single posterior surgery, then an additional two-stage anterior debridement was advocated due to decreased probability of TB relapse and faster healing of TB lesions [26,27]. Kyphotic correction is also an important index for therapeutic evaluation, and in this study, signi cant correction of kyphotic Cobb's angle was achieved after operation and good alignment was maintained during the follow-up period. Therefore, early surgical intervention is not only results in faster neurological recovery but can also achieve excellent kyphotic correction and sustainment.
This study has some innate limitations. It is not a prospective study, and therefore did not include a control cases and included only a small number of cases. Therefore, the conclusion need to be veri ed through further studies.

Conclusions
Early surgical intervention may be bene cial for patients with active thoracic spinal TB and paraparesis or paraplegia, with surgical intervention being more bene cial for pareparesis recovery compared with paraplegia recovery. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Ethical approval from the Ethics Committee of Xiangya Hospital a liated to Central South University was obtained for this study. Each author certi es that all investigations were conducted in conformity with ethical principles. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.

Consent to publish
All patients signed informed consent forms to publish their personal details in this article

Availability of data and materials
The datasets supporting the conclusions of this article are included within the article. The raw data can be requested from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Funding
This study was funded in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81672191).
Authors' contributions XW, WL, ZL, XX, ZX, ZS, YZ, QW participated in recruitment, data collection and analysis. All authors contributed to the study design and drafting of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the nal manuscript.