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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the included studies

From: Inflammatory blood parameters as prognostic factors for implant-associated infection after primary total hip or knee arthroplasty: a systematic review

Study

Study design

Patients

Population

Exclusion criteria

Joint

Inflammatory parameter

Preoperative measure

Postoperative measure

Antibiotic prophylaxis

Follow-up

Carlsson et al. 1978 [18]

ND−

93

ND osteoarthritis

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis, pelvic spondylitis or with any other known cause of an elevated ESR

Hip

ESR

Yes (ND)

Yes (ND)

ND

49 months

Falzarano et al. 2017 [19]

Retrospective cohort study

1.248

ND osteoarthritis

Voluntary withdrawal from the scheduled follow-up program

Hip

CRP, ESR, PCT

Yes (1 h)

Yes (15 days, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 36 months)

Yes

36 months

Forster et al. 1982 [20]

Retrospective comparative study

89

ND osteoarthritis

Patients with other forms of inflammatory arthritis

Knee

ESR

Yes (ND)

Yes, 48 h, 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year and yearly there after

ND

24 months

Mulier et al. 1973 [21]

Prospective cross-sectional

162

ND

ND

Hip

ESR, WBC

Yes (ND)

Yes (twice a week during postoperative stay (average time 30 days), and afterwards at monthly intervals)

Yes

20 months

Mumingjiang et al. 2014 [22]

Prospective cross-sectional

31

Primary osteoarthritis, traumatic osteoarthritis, rheumatoid athritis and osteochondritis dissecancs

Preoperative active inflammatory arthritis, complications in the affected knee during the follow-up period and history of knee infections

Knee

IL-6, CRP, ESR

Yes (ND)

Yes, day 1 and 7 and 1, 3 and 6 months (for complicated in the time of infection detection)

Yes

6 months

Okafor et al. 1998 [23]

Prospective cross-sectional

66

Degenerative arthritis or hip fractures

Preoperative sepsis, malignancy, RA, connective tissue disease or immunosuppressive treatments

Hip

ESR, CRP

Yes, on admission

Yes (day 2, 7 and 21)

Yes

12 weeks

Sanzén et al. 1997 [24]

Retrospective study

23

Arthrosis, failed osteosynthesis of femoral neck fracture, congenital dislocation of the hip, idiopathic femoral head necrosis

RA

Hip

ESR, CRP

Yes (ND)

Yes (6, (12) and last one depends on patient)

ND

7 weeks

Sastre et al. 2006 [25]

Prospective cross-sectional

143

Primary osteoarthritis

ND

Hip, knee

CRP

Yes (1 day)

Yes (2, 5 and 15 days)

Yes

2 years

Shah et al. 2009 [26]

Prospective case–control study

49

ND osteoarthritis

Known chronic inflammatory disease (RA, SLE, CD, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, psoriasis), recent antibiotic treatment or intercurrent infections before surgery, Paget's disease, revision arthroplasty, vascular disorders (lymphoproliferative disorders, autoimmune haemolytic anaemia) or cancer

Hip, knee

IL-6 (and other cytokines)

Yes (2 weeks)

Yes (6 h, 48 h, 6 weeks)

ND

6 weeks

Windisch et al. 2016 [27]

Retrospective study

1.068

Primary knee osteoarthritis

Active inflammation, active rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus, HIV, an inflammatory disease of chest or abdomen, surgical intervention in the 3 months prior to the planned TKA

Knee

CRP

Yes (ND)

Yes (from the first to the tenth day)

Yes

1 month

Wroblewski et al. 1974 [28]

NDa

100

Primary or secondary osteoarthritis

RA, suspected clinical or radiological sepsis, systemic disease likely to affect ESR, previous surgery

Hip

ESR

Yes (ND)

Yes (ND)

ND

4–7 years

Zarghooni et al. 2019 [29]

Prospective case–control study

41 (102)

ND

ND

Knee (or spine)

CRP, IL-6 (and other cytokines)

Yes (Control: 7 to 1 days, Case: 5 to 1 days)

Yes (Control: 0–22 days, Case: 0–197 days)

Yes

1 year after hospital discharge

  1. CD Crohn's disease, CRP c-reactive protein, ESR Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, HIV Human immunodeficiency virus, IL-6 Inteleukin-6, ND Not defined, PCT Procalcitonin, RA Rheumatoid arthritis, SLE Systemic lupus erythematosus, TKA Total knee arthroplasty, WBC White blood cell count
  2. aStudy design was not defined in methodology