Table 1 Previous studies performed to determine a safe margin for distal humeral pin insertion
Study | Year published | Study mode | Study modality | No. patients | Avg. age (yr) | Radial n. measurement | Result | Mean humeral length (cm) | MIN/MAX | Location of the radial nerve from the elbow joint (cm) | Limitations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Current study | Retrospective study | U/E MRI | 136 | AEP/humeral length | Proportion | 15% | |||||
Gerwin et al. | 1996 | Anatomical study | Cadaver | 10 | 1. Radial n. at posterior humerus/humeral length 2. Distance of the radial n. piercing the intermuscular septum to the lateral condyle/humeral length | Absolute Proportion | 28 ± 1.9 | 1. 14.2 ± 0.6 (51%) 2. 10.2 ± 0.4 (36%) | Adults | ||
Kamineni et al. | 2009 | Anatomical study | Cadaver | 70 | 67 (52–85) | Lateral radial n. height : distance b/w the most prominent point of the lateral epicondyle and the point where the radial n. crosses the humerus in the mid lateral plane | Absolute | TED 6.2 ± 0.6 | 10.2 ± 0.1 (7.5–12.9) | Adults | |
Sukegawa et al. | 2017 | Anatomical study | Cadaver | 20 | 84 (66–97) | Distance from the lateral COR to the point where the nerve crosses the lateral border according to elbow flexion from 0°~130º | Absolute | 30.1 (2.7–3.5) | 0°; 9.4 ± 0.8 10°; 9.3 ± 0.7 50°; 9.3 ± 0.8 90°; 9.3 ± 0.8 130°; 9.4 ± 0.7 | Adults | |
Ye et al. | 2019 | Anatomical study | Cadaver, CT | 28 | 81 | Distance from the elbow COR at a deviation angle of posterior 30°~anterior 45° | Absolute | 8.7 ± 0.85 (6.8 ~ 9.9) | Adults | ||
Bloom et al. | 2014 | Retrospective study | Elbow MRI, XR | 22 (23 MRIs) | 9 ± 4 (3–12) | Most proximally detected radial nerve on coronal MR / TED | Proportion | 60% of TED | Children | ||
O’Shea et al. | 2019 | Retrospective study | U/E MRI | 53 | 1–17 | Distance between the radial n. and osseous landmarks/ humeral length | Proportion | 44.98 ± 3.68% of arm length | Children | ||
Patra et al. | 2021 | Anatomical study | Cadaver | 20 (40 limbs) | 45–60 | Point where the radial n. enters the anterior compartment in relation to the apices of triceps aponeurosis | Absolute | 1.98 ± 0.6 (1.00-2.50) | Adults |