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Table 1 Summary of material and element properties used for the FE model

From: Biomechanical effect of endplate defects on the intermediate vertebral bone in consecutive two-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: a finite element analysis

Component

Element type

Constitutive model

Constitutive model (MPa)

Shell thickness (mm)

Cortical bone

Triangular shell

Elastic–Plastic

\(E\)= 12,000

\(G\)= 1250

\(\sigma\) yield = 189.8

\(v\)= 0.3

C1-C3 = 0.51

C4 = 0.55

C5 = 0.62

C6 = 0.66

C7 = 0.70

T1 = 0.30

Cancellous bone

Tetrahedral

Elastic–Plastic

\(E\)= 442

\(G\)= 51

\(v\)= 0.3

N/A

Bony endplate

Triangular shell

Elastic–Plastic

\(E\)= 5600

\(G\)= 300

\(\sigma\) yield = 36.7

\(v\) = 0.3

0.5

Nucleus pulpous

Hexahedral

Incompressible fluid

\(k\)= 1720

N/A

Annulus fibrosus

matrix

Hexahedral

Mooney-Rivin

\(A\)= 0.18 (constants)

\(B\) = 0.045 (constants)

N/A

Annulus fibrosus fibers

Quadrilateral

membrane

Orthotropic nonlinear

elastic

\(E\) c = 0.01–7.1

\(v\) ab = 0.3

0.25

ligaments

Quadrilateral

membrane

Orthotropic nonlinear

elastic

\(E\) c = 0.4–23.3

\(v\) ab = 0.3

\(v\) ca = \(v\) cb = 0.49

ALL = 1.5

PLL = 1.7

LF = 1.3

FCL = 1.1

ISL C2-C5 = 1.4

ISL C6-T1 = 1.0

  1. E Elastic modulus, G Shear modulus, σyield Yield stress, v Poisson’s ratio, k Bulk modulus, Ec Curve of elastic modulus, N/A Not applicable